Education Universe Argument Writing, College writing, High School Writing, synthesis

What Is Synthesis in Writing? A Real Explanation

The word synthesis gets thrown around a lot in academic settings, but it’s not always clear what it actually means. People hear it and immediately think of something technical or complex. When it comes to writing, synthesis just means this: bringing together different ideas to create something new.

Synthesis is not just quoting sources. It’s not stacking summaries on top of each other. It’s a way of combining viewpoints, making connections, and using them to support your own ideas. At its best, synthesis is thoughtful, clear, and original.

If you are new to synthesis writing, or you have tried it before and struggled, this guide is for you. Let’s walk through what synthesis really looks like, why it matters, and how to actually do it.

Click here to see a video on synthesis.

Synthesis Is More Than Just Summary

A lot of people confuse synthesis with summary. But there’s a big difference.

Summary tells what someone else said.
Synthesis shows how different people’s ideas relate to each other and what you think about that.

Here’s what a non-synthesis paragraph looks like:

Johnson argues that climate change is caused by human activity. Rivera focuses on government policy as the key to climate solutions. Ahmed talks about the role of technology in reducing carbon emissions.

That paragraph just lists what three people said. There’s no connection between them. No analysis. No point.

Now compare that to this:

While Johnson and Rivera both agree that addressing climate change requires action at a national level, they focus on different strategies. One highlights the need for behavior change and the other calls for top-down policy reform. Ahmed shifts the focus to innovation, suggesting that neither approach will succeed without major advances in technology. Taken together, these views show how complex and multi-layered the issue really is.

That is synthesis. The writer isn’t just reporting. They are comparing. They are making links. They are thinking.

Why Synthesis Matters

Synthesis is a key part of academic writing, but it also shows up in everyday thinking. Any time you are reading, researching, or trying to understand a big issue with more than one side, you are doing the early work of synthesis.

Here’s why it matters:

  • It shows you can think critically. Instead of just repeating what someone else said, you are analyzing and connecting ideas.
  • It helps you make stronger arguments. You’re not relying on just one point of view. You are bringing in different perspectives to support your position.
  • It makes your writing original. You are not just borrowing from other people. You are building something of your own using their ideas as building blocks.

In short, synthesis is how you move from research to real thinking.

What Synthesis Looks Like in Practice

So how do you actually synthesize when you write? Let’s break it down.

Start With a Clear Purpose

Synthesis is not about throwing together a bunch of quotes. You need to have a goal. Maybe you are exploring a question. Maybe you are building an argument. Whatever it is, you need to know what you are trying to say.

Ask yourself:

  • What topic or problem am I focusing on?
  • What ideas or themes am I seeing across my sources?
  • How do these ideas relate to what I think or want to argue?

Without that kind of focus, synthesis quickly turns into summary.

Read With Relationships in Mind

As you read your sources, don’t just take notes on what each one says. Look for how they connect.

Questions to guide you:

  • Do any authors agree with each other?
  • Are there any disagreements?
  • Are some sources expanding on or challenging others?
  • Do they focus on the same thing from different angles?

When you start spotting patterns, you’re ready to begin connecting the dots.

Organize by Idea, Not by Source

This is one of the most important parts of synthesis writing: group your paragraphs by ideas, not by author.

Instead of writing one paragraph per source, try to bring multiple sources into the same paragraph, based on a shared theme, issue, or tension. That is where the conversation happens.

For example:

Both Lee and Chen argue that schools should focus more on emotional development, not just academic performance. While Lee emphasizes mental health support, Chen pushes for social-emotional learning as part of the curriculum. These ideas point in the same direction, but with slightly different solutions.

That is what you want. Your writing is now doing more than listing points. It is showing connections and giving your reader something to think about.

Keep Your Voice in Control

Here is a common mistake: relying too heavily on quotes and paraphrases. When that happens, your own voice starts to disappear. The essay becomes a report instead of an argument.

Your job is to guide the reader through the conversation. After every quote or paraphrase, you should be adding something – explaining, analyzing, or pushing the idea forward.

Try this rule: after every time you bring in a source, ask yourself “So what?” Why does this matter? What does it show? How does it support your larger point?

The goal is not just to include sources. It is to use them.

A Simple Structure for Synthesis Paragraphs

If you are struggling to organize your thoughts, here’s a basic outline you can try:

  1. Start with a clear topic sentence. Make sure it reflects an idea, not a source name.
  2. Introduce two or more sources that relate to this idea.
  3. Show how they connect. Do they agree? Disagree? Expand on each other?
  4. Add your own analysis. What do you want the reader to take from this?
  5. Link back to your larger purpose. Why does this point matter for your essay as a whole?

This is not a formula you must follow every time, but it can help you get started.

Conclusion

Synthesis is not something you master in a day. It takes practice. It asks you to slow down, think carefully, and take responsibility for the ideas you are presenting. But it is also one of the most powerful tools you can develop as a writer.

It shows that you can look at an issue from more than one angle. It shows that you are not afraid of complexity. And most importantly, it shows that your writing is not just repeating others. It is building something meaningful.

So when you sit down to write, do not just ask, “What did each author say?”

Ask, “How do these ideas fit together?”
Ask, “Where do I come in?”
Ask, “What do I want to say that brings it all together?”

That is synthesis. That is writing with purpose.

Works Cited

Barrett, Brandon. “Climate Change, Human Health, and Epidemiological Transition.” PMC Free — PMC3145948, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342988/.

“More than 99.9 % of Studies Agree: Humans Caused Climate Change.” Cornell Chronicle, 19 Oct. 2021, https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/10/more‐999‐studies‐agree‐humans‐caused‐climate‐change.

Shen, Yi, et al. “Impact of Digital Technology on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Chinese Cities.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 11, 2023, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2023.1166376/full.

Tan, Wei, et al. “Can Green Technology Innovation Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions? Evidence from Panel Data.” PMC Free — PMC10256825, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10256825/.

Xin, Daleng, Manzoor Ahmad, Hong Lei, and Shoukat Iqbal Khattak. “Do Innovation in Environmental‑Related Technologies Asymmetrically Affect Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the United States?” Technology in Society, vol. 67, 2021, https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/teinso/v67y2021ics0160791x21002360.html.

“Evidence — NASA Science.” NASA Science: Climate Change and Global Warming, NASA, 23 Oct. 2024, https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/evidence/.

Education Universe Argument Writing, College writing

Understanding Synthesis Essays: A Complete Guide

A synthesis essay asks you to take multiple sources and use them together to explore, explain, or argue a topic. It is not just about collecting quotes or summarizing articles. A synthesis essay is about building something new from existing materials, like weaving together threads of different ideas to create a strong and connected argument or explanation.

This type of essay appears frequently in high school and college writing assignments, especially in advanced English, research-based writing, or AP Language and Composition classes. It is also a useful skill in professional and academic research work because it shows you can think critically, compare perspectives, and write clearly using multiple sources.

What is Synthesis?

Synthesis means combining elements to form a connected whole. In writing, synthesis involves comparing and organizing information from different sources to generate a new understanding or perspective. That new understanding becomes the foundation for your essay.

In a synthesis essay, you are not just restating what each source says. You are analyzing how the sources relate to each other and using them to support a central idea. Think of your sources as voices in a conversation. Your job is to moderate that conversation and guide the reader through it.

Two Types of Synthesis Essays

There are two main types of synthesis essays: explanatory and argumentative. They use similar structures but serve different purposes.

Explanatory Synthesis

An explanatory synthesis explains a topic in detail using multiple sources. You are not trying to convince the reader to take a side. Instead, you help them understand the issue more clearly by organizing information and showing how different sources contribute to the overall picture.

This type of synthesis is often used in background research, technical writing, or educational contexts.

Example Thesis Statement (Explanatory)
“Studies on neighborhood green space show that community gardens, tree coverage, and park access contribute to emotional well-being, lower stress levels, and a stronger sense of belonging.”

Notice how this thesis does not take a side. It simply brings together common findings to explain a phenomenon.

Argumentative Synthesis

An argumentative synthesis goes a step further. It uses multiple sources to argue a specific point of view. You are making a claim and supporting it with evidence from several sources. You may also address counterarguments and explain why your perspective holds up.

This type of synthesis is commonly used in persuasive essays, op-eds, and policy writing.

Example Thesis Statement (Argumentative)
“Given the clear mental health and environmental benefits of neighborhood green space, urban planners must adopt minimum green coverage requirements in new housing developments.”

This thesis takes a position and signals a plan to argue for it using evidence.

Step-by-Step Guide

Writing a synthesis essay takes time and planning. Here are the basic steps most students should follow.

Step 1: Choose a focused topic

Start with a subject you are interested in, but make sure it is not too broad. Narrow topics lead to stronger essays because you can explore them in more detail. For example, instead of writing about climate change, write about how rooftop gardens help reduce heat in urban neighborhoods.

Step 2: Gather and evaluate sources

Find at least three to five credible sources that relate to your topic. These may include research studies, news articles, expert commentary, or reliable websites. As you read, take notes on what each source says and how it connects or disagrees with the others.

Good synthesis comes from good reading. Look for patterns, contradictions, gaps, or supporting evidence across your sources.

Step 3: Develop your thesis statement

Your thesis is the heart of your essay. It tells the reader what you are going to explain or argue. Make sure your thesis is specific, clear, and based on your reading of the sources.

In an explanatory synthesis, your thesis will describe what the sources together reveal. In an argumentative synthesis, your thesis will make a claim that the rest of the essay supports.

Step 4: Create an outline

A well-organized outline will keep your essay focused and help you stay on track. Here is a simple structure that works for both types of synthesis essays.

Introduction

  • Hook or opening context
  • Background information on the topic
  • Clear thesis statement

Body Paragraphs
Each paragraph should focus on one idea or aspect of your thesis. Include multiple sources in each paragraph and show how they connect. Always follow up source material with your own analysis.

For argumentative essays, include a paragraph that addresses and responds to a counterargument.

Conclusion

  • Restate the thesis in a fresh way
  • Summarize how the sources support your main point
  • End with the broader significance of the topic

Step 5: Write the rough draft

Using your outline, write your first draft. Focus on clear organization and solid integration of sources. Use transitions to guide the reader through your points. After each piece of evidence, explain how it connects to your overall purpose.

Avoid overusing quotations. Paraphrase when possible, and keep the source’s meaning accurate.

Step 6: Peer review and revise

If possible, exchange drafts with a classmate and provide feedback. Look for areas where the argument or explanation could be clearer. Ask yourself: Does every paragraph support the thesis? Are the sources well integrated? Are there any logical gaps?

After reviewing feedback, revise your draft for clarity, focus, and flow.

Step 7: Final proofreading

Before submitting your final draft, check for grammar, punctuation, and citation errors. Make sure your paper follows the required formatting style, such as MLA or APA.

Sample Topics for Synthesis Essays

These examples are designed to help students move past overused topics and toward issues that are more focused and research-friendly. Each can be explored from either an explanatory or argumentative perspective.

  1. How smartphone camera apps have changed eyewitness reporting in local news
  2. The effects of screen-time limits in early childhood development policies
  3. The use of body cameras in public schools for safety and transparency
  4. How eco-certifications influence consumer behavior in grocery stores
  5. The role of virtual museum tours in rural arts education
  6. Effects of algorithm-driven playlists on listener diversity in music streaming
  7. The rise of single-gender classrooms in public middle schools
  8. Benefits and drawbacks of gamification in workplace productivity apps
  9. How urban bike-share programs affect low-income communities
  10. The influence of minimalist design in mental health therapy environments

These topics can be adapted, narrowed further, or modified to fit specific class themes or personal interests. The key is to choose something that invites multiple perspectives and has available research.

Final Tips

A synthesis essay is more than a research paper. It is a thoughtful conversation between ideas. The best essays do not just repeat what sources say; they interpret, connect, and build something meaningful from the material.

Give yourself time to read deeply, plan clearly, and revise carefully. Whether you are explaining a concept or defending a position, the synthesis essay rewards clear thinking and strong organization.

Works Cited

Bellevue College Writing Lab. “What Is a Synthesis Essay?” Bellevue College, http://www.bellevuecollege.edu. Accessed October 2025.

Grammarly. “How to Write a Synthesis Essay.” Grammarly Blog, http://www.grammarly.com/blog/academic-writing/synthesis-essay/. Accessed October 2025.

Purdue Online Writing Lab. “Synthesizing Sources.” OWL Purdue, owl.purdue.edu. Accessed October 2025.

Study.com. “How to Write a Synthesis Essay: Definition and Example.” Study.com, http://www.study.com. Accessed October 2025.

University of Nevada, Reno. “Mapping a Synthesis Essay.” Writing and Speaking Center, http://www.unr.edu/writing-speaking-center. Accessed October 2025.

Louisiana State University. “Synthesis Essay Resources.” LSU University Writing Center, http://www.lsu.edu. Accessed October 2025.

Education Universe Argument Writing, College Courses, College writing, High School Writing, Research Writing

Developing Your Proposal and Research Plan

Writing a research proposal is one of the most useful steps in becoming a confident, organized writer. Whether you’re working on a formal academic paper or preparing to pitch a project later in your career, knowing how to explain what you want to study and why it matters is a skill that sets strong writers apart. This week’s focus on proposal writing and early research helps you think deeply before diving into the full essay.

What a Proposal Really Is

Think of a proposal as your essay’s blueprint. It’s where you sketch the big picture: What problem are you trying to solve? Who cares about it? What’s your plan to explore it? A proposal isn’t the final product. It’s the foundation that keeps your project organized and purposeful.

Too often, writers start drafting essays before figuring out what they actually want to say. The result is usually an unfocused paper full of last-minute research and weak arguments. A proposal helps you avoid that by forcing you to pause, think, and plan. It also gives you the chance to get feedback before you’re too far along, saving you time and helping you strengthen your ideas early on.

The Purpose of a Research Proposal

At its core, a proposal answers four questions:

  1. What issue or question are you exploring?
    You’re identifying a real-world problem or question that needs attention. Good topics aren’t just interesting. They’re investigable and debatable.
  2. Why does it matter?
    You’re explaining why this topic deserves space in the conversation. Maybe it affects your community, connects to a national issue, or relates to your field of study.
  3. Who is your audience?
    You’re identifying who needs to hear your argument. That might be students, professionals, local residents, or policymakers. Knowing your audience helps you choose the best tone, evidence, and approach.
  4. How will you research and present it?
    You’re mapping out how you’ll gather evidence and what kind of argument you plan to make – cause and effect, solution-oriented, comparison, or something else.

By answering these questions clearly, you show that your topic is not only interesting but also meaningful and manageable.

Choosing a Topic That Works

Picking the right topic can make or break your project. It’s tempting to choose big, well-known debates, such as gun control, abortion, or school uniforms, but those topics are so broad and saturated that it’s nearly impossible to say something fresh. A better approach is to look for a focused issue that personally interests you or that affects your community.

Here are some examples of strong, specific alternatives:

  • Instead of “Social media and teens,” try “How TikTok challenges affect high school students’ attention spans.”
  • Instead of “Climate change,” try “How community gardens reduce urban heat in small cities.”
  • Instead of “Mental health,” try “Why colleges should offer mindfulness training during freshman orientation.”

See the difference? Narrowing your scope gives you something doable. You can actually research it, analyze it, and say something original.

When choosing a topic, ask yourself:

  • Does this topic genuinely interest me?
  • Can I find credible sources about it?
  • Will my audience care?
  • Is the issue current or evolving in a way that allows for new insights?

If you can answer “yes” to most of those, you’re on the right track.

Turning a Topic into a Research Question

Once you’ve identified a topic, your next step is to transform it into a research question. A strong research question does three things:

  • It invites exploration rather than simple yes/no answers.
  • It hints at possible directions for argument.
  • It focuses your essay on a specific problem or group.

For example:

  • Weak: Should schools have dress codes?
  • Better: How do school dress codes impact students’ self-expression and sense of belonging?
  • Strong: How can schools balance dress code enforcement with students’ freedom of expression and cultural identity?

The strong version gives you space to research multiple sides and propose solutions. It’s open enough to explore but narrow enough to handle within one essay.

Locating Credible Sources

Once you have your question, it’s time to see what’s already been said about it. This is where research begins. For this stage, quality matters more than quantity. You need sources that are reliable, relevant, and current.

Here’s where to look:

  • Library databases: These contain peer-reviewed articles, academic journals, and studies. They’re the gold standard for credibility.
  • Google Scholar: A quick way to find scholarly articles and government or institutional reports.
  • Official organizations: Government websites, nonprofits, or educational institutions often publish trustworthy data.

Avoid sources that are biased, outdated, or opinion-based. For instance, blog posts, social media threads, or articles that clearly push an agenda won’t help you build credibility.

As you read, take short notes:

  • What’s the main argument?
  • What kind of evidence does the author use?
  • How might this information help me shape my proposal?

These early notes will later help you build your annotated bibliography and develop your argument.

Writing the Proposal

A well-structured proposal usually includes four sections:

  1. Working Title and Research Question
    Start with a clear, specific question that defines your focus. Your title doesn’t have to be perfect yet—it just needs to capture the essence of your project. Example:
    Title: “Unplugged Minds: How Digital Detox Programs Improve Student Mental Health”
    Question: How do short-term digital detox programs impact college students’ stress levels and academic focus?
  2. Purpose and Rationale
    Explain why this issue matters. What’s at stake? Who benefits if the problem is addressed—or who suffers if it’s ignored? This section shows that you’ve thought beyond yourself and considered real-world implications.
  3. Audience and Approach
    Identify your audience and describe how you plan to reach them. Are you persuading readers to take action? Informing them about a misunderstood issue? Reframing a debate? The clearer your approach, the stronger your proposal.
  4. Preliminary Sources
    List at least three credible sources and briefly explain how each connects to your topic. For instance:
    • One might provide background information.
    • Another could offer data or statistics.
    • A third might present an opposing viewpoint you plan to address.
    Keep your tone professional and concise. This section shows you’ve already started the research process and can back up your claims.

Peer Review and Revision

Once you post your proposal draft, feedback becomes your secret weapon. Peers often spot gaps or assumptions that you’ve overlooked. They can also help you test how your topic lands with an audience.

When reviewing others’ work, focus on:

  • Clarity: Is the main question or issue clear?
  • Relevance: Does the topic feel meaningful and specific?
  • Focus: Is the scope manageable for one essay?
  • Evidence: Are the sources credible and connected to the question?

When receiving feedback, don’t take it personally. Take it seriously. Revision is where good writing becomes great writing.

Why This Step Matters

Writing a proposal teaches you how to plan, argue, and think critically. It’s not just a school assignment. It mirrors how real-world writing works. In business, research, and even creative fields, professionals write proposals all the time to pitch ideas, secure funding, or outline projects. This exercise builds transferable skills: critical thinking, organization, and persuasive communication.

Final Thoughts

This week’s readings and assignments are about slowing down and thinking strategically. Before writing the full essay, you’re learning to understand your own argument. The proposal stage helps you:

  • Turn vague ideas into focused plans.
  • Build a foundation for credible research.
  • Identify your purpose and audience.
  • Write with direction rather than guesswork.

Strong research doesn’t begin with typing. It begins with thinking. Your proposal gives you space to think clearly, structure your ideas, and prepare to write something that matters. Use this week to explore, question, and refine. By the time you move into your full draft, you won’t just be writing an essay. You’ll be writing with purpose and confidence.

Works Cited

American Psychological Association. How to Find Reliable Sources. APA Style, 2023,
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reliable-sources. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.

Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. 6th ed., W. W. Norton, 2023.

Joy, Annamma, and John F. Sherry Jr. “Fast Fashion, Sustainability, and the Ethical Appeal of Luxury Brands.” Fashion Theory, vol. 16, no. 3, 2012, pp. 273–295. Taylor & Francis Online, https://doi.org/10.2752/175174112X13340749707123.

Niinimäki, Kirsi, et al. “The Environmental Price of Fast Fashion.” Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, vol. 1, 2020, pp. 189–200. Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). “Developing a Research Question.” Purdue University, 2024,
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/developing_a_research_question.html. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Writing Center. “Proposals.” The Writing Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, 2024,
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/proposals. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.

Education Universe Argument Writing, College Courses, Research Writing

Understanding Reviews: How They Work and Why They Matter

Reviews are one of the most common forms of writing we encounter in daily life. Whether you are browsing movie ratings, checking book suggestions, exploring product comparisons, or researching academic techniques, reviews shape what we think and what we choose. While some reviews are casual and opinion-based, others are carefully structured arguments built to inform, persuade, or evaluate. This week, we are focusing on how to read reviews critically, how to understand their structure, and how to identify what makes them effective.

What Is a Review?

At its core, a review is a type of argument. It presents a clear opinion about a subject and supports that opinion with evidence and reasoning. The goal of a review is not only to express a personal reaction but also to evaluate something based on specific standards or criteria. A strong review does not just say what the reviewer liked or disliked. It explains why those reactions are valid and meaningful, using a mix of description, analysis, and judgment.

The Purpose of a Review

Reviews serve different purposes depending on the context. Some reviews are written to help an audience make a decision. Others aim to start a conversation, analyze a cultural trend, or assess the value of a method or theory. Regardless of the goal, a review must do more than summarize. It must interpret and evaluate. Good reviews tell the reader what is at stake. They offer insight, not just opinion.

Common Types of Reviews

Understanding the type of review you are reading can help you focus on what matters most in the content. Here are some of the most common types you may come across.

Film Review

A film review typically appears in newspapers, blogs, or entertainment websites. It evaluates a movie by looking at elements such as plot, character development, acting, cinematography, direction, pacing, and emotional impact. A strong film review provides enough summary to orient the reader but focuses mainly on analysis and judgment.

The tone can vary from casual to professional, but the best film reviews are grounded in clear standards. For example, a reviewer might argue that a film fails because it relies on clichés, or that it succeeds because of innovative editing and bold storytelling. The review should support these claims with specific examples from the film.

Book Review

A book review may be written for a general audience or for an academic setting. It goes beyond summarizing the plot or content. A strong book review examines themes, structure, character development, writing style, and the author’s purpose. In academic contexts, book reviews often place the book within a larger conversation. They may compare it to other works in the same field, question the author’s approach, or analyze how effectively the book meets its goals.

Good book reviews balance description and evaluation. They tell the reader what the book is about, who it is for, and whether it succeeds at what it tries to do.

Review of a Method

In academic and professional settings, you may encounter reviews of methods or processes. These reviews evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a specific approach, such as a teaching strategy, research method, or design process. The goal is not just to describe how the method works, but to assess its effectiveness, efficiency, and applicability.

For example, a review of a scientific method might discuss how well it controls variables, how replicable it is, and how it compares to other methods in the same field. A review of a writing strategy might evaluate its usefulness for different kinds of students. Like other reviews, reviews of methods rely on clear criteria and thoughtful analysis.

Other Common Reviews

You might also see reviews of performances, restaurants, video games, exhibitions, products, or apps. Each type of review has its own set of expectations and standards. For instance, a restaurant review might focus on service, atmosphere, flavor, and price. A game review might discuss gameplay mechanics, design, graphics, story, and user experience.

Whatever the subject, the underlying principles are the same. The reviewer should state a clear judgment, use relevant criteria, and support the evaluation with evidence and examples.

Key Features of an Effective Review

To understand reviews well, it helps to break them down into key components. These features are often found across all types of reviews.

  1. Clear Claim or Judgment
    • Every review needs a central judgment. This is the main argument the reviewer is making about the subject. For example, the reviewer might claim that a film is a fresh take on the genre, that a book fails to develop its themes, or that a teaching method is outdated. This central claim guides the rest of the review.
  2. Evaluation Criteria
    • Criteria are the standards the reviewer uses to assess the subject. These might be explicit or implied, but they are always present. For example, a reviewer might judge a novel based on character depth, plot structure, and writing style. A review of a restaurant might judge food quality, service, and ambiance. Choosing the right criteria is crucial to writing a fair and thoughtful review.
  3. Evidence and Examples
    • A good review supports its evaluation with concrete examples. Instead of simply saying a film is boring, a reviewer might describe how long scenes drag on without advancing the plot. If a product is unreliable, the review might include specific examples of when it failed. Evidence builds trust and shows that the review is based on careful observation, not just gut reaction.
  4. Awareness of Audience
    • Strong reviews consider who the audience is. A film review written for teenagers will sound different from one written for film scholars. A review of a textbook for college students will differ from a review of a picture book for parents. The tone, vocabulary, and depth of analysis should match the needs and expectations of the intended readers.
  5. Balanced Tone
    • A review does not have to be neutral, but it should be fair. Even when a reviewer is critical, they should acknowledge what works or recognize the intentions behind the subject. A balanced tone builds credibility and shows that the writer is thoughtful rather than biased.

Reading Reviews Critically

When reading a review, ask yourself the following questions:

  • What is the main claim or judgment?
  • What criteria does the reviewer use?
  • Are those criteria appropriate for the subject?
  • Does the reviewer support their judgment with examples?
  • How does the tone affect your trust in the reviewer?
  • What does the review assume about its audience?

These questions help you move beyond surface reading. Instead of just agreeing or disagreeing with the review, you begin to see how it is built and how it tries to influence its readers.

The Role of Bias and Perspective

All reviews reflect a point of view. Reviewers bring their tastes, experiences, and values to what they write. That is not a problem by itself. In fact, point of view is part of what makes a review interesting. The key is whether the reviewer is honest about that perspective and whether they support their judgment with evidence.

For example, a reviewer might dislike a film because of personal taste but still recognize its artistic strengths. A book reviewer might disagree with the author’s politics but still praise the quality of the writing. The goal is not to eliminate bias but to be aware of it and stay fair in spite of it.

Conclusion

Reviews are more than opinions. They are structured arguments built on careful analysis, clear criteria, and thoughtful evidence. Whether you are reading a film review, a book review, or an academic evaluation of a method, your job as a reader is to recognize how the writer makes their case. Look for the claim, the criteria, the evidence, and the tone. Pay attention to how the review speaks to its audience and what it assumes about their values or knowledge.

Understanding the mechanics behind this common but powerful form of writing will strengthen your ability to argue, persuade, and communicate with purpose.

Works Cited

Giltrow, Janet, Richard Gooding, Daniel Burgoyne, and Marlene Sawatsky. Academic Writing: An Introduction. 3rd ed., Broadview Press, 2014.

Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Everything’s an Argument with Readings. 9th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2021.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). “Writing a Book Review.” Purdue University, https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/book_reviews.html. Accessed 20 Sept. 2025.

Education Universe Argument Writing

Mastering Persuasion: Ethos, Pathos, Logos, and Kairos

Every day, we are bombarded with messages. They come through our phones, in conversations, on billboards, and in headlines. Some of these messages grab our attention instantly. Others fade into the background. What separates the persuasive from the forgettable? Often, it comes down to three ancient rhetorical tools: ethos, pathos, and logos. These are not relics from an old Aristotle textbook. They are active forces in politics, marketing, social movements, and even casual conversations. Understanding how they work, and how they are used on us, can help us think more clearly, speak more effectively, and recognize manipulation when it happens.

Ethos: Who Do You Trust?

Ethos is about credibility. It asks the question, why should I listen to you?

In modern life, we constantly evaluate ethos, even if we are not aware of it. When a scientist explains climate change, we check their credentials. When a brand says its product is sustainable, we look for certifications. When a politician makes promises, we consider their track record.

Social media has complicated our sense of ethos. Now, anyone can appear credible with a verified checkmark, a polished profile, or high-quality visuals. Influencers market themselves as experts in skincare, finance, wellness, or countless other topics. Some have real knowledge, but many do not. As audiences, we must learn to distinguish between those who know what they are talking about and those who are just good at performing authority.

In branding, ethos is essential. Consider Apple. The company has built decades of trust through sleek design, consistent messaging, and reliable products. When you buy an iPhone, you are not just buying a piece of technology. You are buying into the belief that Apple knows what it is doing.

In journalism, ethos is constantly under pressure. News sources are judged not only by the accuracy of their reporting but also by perceived bias. Often, the credibility of the source carries more weight than the content itself. This is one of the challenges of ethos. It can build trust, but it can also isolate us in echo chambers. If we only listen to those we already agree with, we stop being persuaded and start being confirmed in our beliefs.

Pathos: Playing to the Heart

Pathos appeals to emotion. Its goal is to make you feel something.

We see pathos in charity advertisements that show suffering children. We hear it in political speeches that evoke fear, pride, or anger. We encounter it in viral videos that move us to tears or laughter. Pathos is powerful because it bypasses logic. It reaches us on a human level.

Marketers rely on pathos constantly. Coca-Cola does not just sell soda. It sells happiness. Nike does not just sell shoes. It sells inspiration. Emotional branding makes products feel personal. You do not just make a purchase; you join a story.

Pathos also drives social change. Movements such as Black Lives Matter, Me Too, and climate activism use personal stories to cut through statistics and policy details. One video of police brutality can say more than a thousand charts. One survivor speaking honestly can move more people than any research paper. Pathos puts a face to the issue. It turns abstract causes into human realities.

But emotional appeal can also mislead. Fear, especially, is a favorite tool of propagandists. Politicians may exaggerate threats or portray outsiders as enemies to stir panic and build support. Advertisers may exploit insecurities to sell quick solutions. The danger with pathos is that it often feels true, even when it is not.

That is why emotional appeals work best when supported by something more.

Logos: Make It Make Sense

Logos appeals to reason. It uses evidence, data, and logical structure to support an argument.

In our current age of misinformation, logos is both more important and more fragile than ever. Good data can clarify and support a strong point. But data can also be manipulated or presented in misleading ways.

Take climate change as an example. The scientific evidence is overwhelming, yet denial still exists. Why? Because logos alone is often not enough. People need a reason to care, which is where pathos comes in, and a reason to trust, which is where ethos matters. Logical arguments work best when they are reinforced by emotion and credibility.

In public life, logos should be the backbone of arguments. A compelling editorial needs facts. A solid business pitch needs clear numbers. A sound health recommendation needs research. Without logic, arguments fall apart. But logic that is not communicated clearly also fails. The best logical appeals are clean, simple, and focused.

The internet has made information more accessible, but it has also made it harder to separate fact from fiction. Anyone can post a chart or quote a study. This makes critical thinking essential. We need to ask who produced the information, what the source is, and whether it is being presented honestly.

Kairos: Timing Is Everything – Kairos is about timing and urgency. It asks: Why now?

We see kairos in headlines that tap into breaking news. We feel it when a speaker says, “This is our moment.” Kairos adds weight to a message by placing it in the right context at the right time. It’s the “now or never” in persuasive writing.

Smart campaigns use kairos to feel immediate and relevant. A company might launch a green initiative on Earth Day. A nonprofit might tie its fundraising to a natural disaster. A speaker might quote current events to frame their argument as timely. Kairos gives the message momentum. It makes it feel necessary.

Social and political movements often rely on kairos. After a tragedy, public outrage creates a narrow window for policy change. After a viral moment, a cause gains traction. Writers and activists know that the same message can fall flat or explode depending on when and how it is delivered.

But kairos can also be manipulative. It’s easy to manufacture urgency. Headlines scream “crisis.” Ads warn you will miss out. Politicians create panic to rush through laws. Urgency can pressure people into reacting before thinking.

That is why kairos should come with perspective. Timeliness matters, but not at the cost of truth. When used well, kairos does not just demand attention. It earns it.

Where They Meet: Real Persuasion

The strongest arguments combine ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos. Together, they create a message that is complete and compelling. They show us why we should care, why we should believe, why the reasoning makes sense, and why the moment matters.

Consider Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech. Ethos came from his moral leadership. Pathos appeared through vivid imagery and heartfelt emotion. Logos was present in his appeals to the Constitution and the promise of equality. But what gave the speech its power was also kairos. It was delivered at a pivotal moment in history, when frustration had built and change felt urgent. The speech did more than inspire. It moved people to act because the timing made the message impossible to ignore.

Or think of Steve Jobs introducing the first iPhone. His ethos came from his reputation as a tech pioneer. Pathos came through excitement and a vision of the future. Logos showed up in the product’s features and functionality. But kairos played a role too. The world was ready for a new kind of device. That launch was not just a tech announcement. It captured a cultural shift.

Even in everyday conversations, we draw on these tools. Imagine trying to convince a friend to watch a show. You might mention the critic reviews (ethos), the emotional depth of the story (pathos), the clever plot (logos), and the fact that everyone is watching it right now (kairos). Whether we mean to or not, we use these appeals to connect and persuade.

Why It Matters Now

We live in a time of noise and distraction. Information moves quickly. Opinions compete for attention. In this environment, understanding ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos is more than helpful. It is necessary. These tools shape how we argue, how we decide, and how we understand what is real.

When we learn to recognize them, we sharpen our thinking. We protect ourselves from manipulation. We build stronger arguments. We listen more carefully.

Everywhere you look, someone is trying to persuade. It could be a headline, a speech, a commercial, or a tweet. These appeals are always at work.

Once you know how they function, you will see them everywhere.

And once you learn to use them with purpose and timing, your voice will not just be heard. It will matter.

Education Universe Argument Writing, College writing, Uncategorized

The Rhetoric of Change: Malala Yousafzai’s Persuasive Power Across Two Texts

Malala Yousafzai is a powerful voice in the fight for education and justice. Her rhetorical strategies change depending on her audience and purpose. In her Nobel Peace Prize Lecture, she uses distinct rhetorical moves for that audience. In her children’s book Malala’s Magic Pencil, she uses different rhetorical techniques to reach young readers. By shifting her language and tone, Malala adapts her message without losing her core values.

We need to look closely at the specific rhetorical strategies she uses in each text. This helps us understand how her language works. We should examine how she frames her story and builds trust. Additionally, consider how she uses emotional appeal and points toward action. These aren’t random stylistic choices; they’re deliberate tools to shape how her audience thinks, feels, and responds.

CLAIM: Framing Personal Story as a Universal Call — Narrative as Rhetorical Strategy

In both texts, Malala uses narrative as a rhetorical move—but she frames the story differently depending on her audience. In Malala’s Magic Pencil, she uses a personal narrative. It is imaginative. She gently guides young readers into serious topics like inequality. She also addresses violence. In the Nobel Lecture, she uses a testimony-style narrative to assert her authority and build urgency around global education.

EVIDENCE: Paired Quotes

From Malala’s Magic Pencil:
“Every night before I went to bed, I wished for a magic pencil. I would use it to put a lock on my door so my brothers couldn’t bother me.”

From the Nobel Lecture:
“I had two options; one was to remain silent and wait to be killed. The second was to speak up and then be killed.”

ANALYSIS: Shifting the Emotional Temperature

In Malala’s Magic Pencil, Malala opens with a light, relatable image of childhood—using a pencil for playful, everyday wishes. This language builds trust with young readers. She’s not just a girl from Pakistan; she’s a kid like them. She eases into bigger ideas by first grounding the story in innocent imagination.

This rhetorical move softens the entry point for young readers. It lowers the emotional temperature and makes the topic of injustice feel approachable, not overwhelming. That’s key in children’s literature—the goal is to plant ideas, not trigger distress.

In contrast, the quote from the Nobel Lecture throws the reader directly into a life-or-death choice. There’s no softening, no playfulness. The stakes are made brutally clear, and the emotion is intense. This is deliberate. Malala’s audience in Oslo isn’t children—it’s world leaders, policymakers, and adults with power. The rhetorical effect here is not to comfort but to confront. Her sharp language forces the listener to feel the urgency of the situation.

By framing her story differently, Malala activates different emotional responses: empathy in one, moral responsibility in the other.

CONNECTION: Audience, Genre, and Purpose

The contrasting tone and rhetorical moves are closely tied to the genre and audience of each work. Malala’s Magic Pencil is a children’s picture book. Its purpose is educational but gentle: introduce children to activism through metaphor and story. The magic pencil becomes a symbol of hope, imagination, and eventually action. The audience is young, possibly reading with a parent or teacher. That context demands warmth and accessibility.

The Nobel Lecture, on the other hand, is formal, public, and political. The purpose is direct persuasion—convincing world leaders to take action on education and human rights. The audience expects credibility, seriousness, and a call to action. So Malala shifts gears. She speaks not as a storyteller, but as a survivor and advocate. Her words are chosen to leave no room for passivity.

In both cases, she’s telling her story—but how she tells it is shaped by who’s listening.

CLAIM: Repetition as Emphasis — Strategic Reinforcement of Core Values

Another rhetorical move Malala uses in both texts is repetition, but again, the effect is tailored to context. In Malala’s Magic Pencil, repetition creates rhythm and emphasis, suited for a read-aloud experience. In the Nobel Lecture, repetition is used to drive home the urgency and scale of the problem.

EVIDENCE: Paired Quotes

From Malala’s Magic Pencil:
“I would erase the smell of garbage from my city. I would erase war, poverty, hunger.”

From the Nobel Lecture:
“One child, one teacher, one book and one pen can change the world.”

ANALYSIS: Rhythm with a Purpose

In the picture book, Malala uses repetition with a poetic touch. “I would erase…” becomes a mantra of hope. Each repetition expands the reach of her imagination. First, it’s about her city. Then it’s the world. The effect is uplifting—it suggests that even a small dream can grow into something bigger. For children, this pattern is easy to follow, and it keeps them engaged.

In the Nobel speech, repetition functions as a rallying cry. “One child, one teacher, one book, one pen…” It’s not just rhythmic—it’s memorable. Each part builds on the last to emphasize simplicity and possibility. The effect is assertive and empowering. Malala is reducing a massive global issue—education inequality—down to its most basic, human components. And she’s calling the audience to believe in the power of those components.

Repetition here is more than a literary device. It’s a strategic way to make her message stick—and to move people from agreement to action.

CONNECTION: Function of Form

Genre matters. In Malala’s Magic Pencil, the repetition feels like a dream sequence—an invitation to imagine. That fits the genre of children’s literature, where message and magic often go hand-in-hand. In the Nobel Lecture, the repetition works more like a slogan. It’s meant to be quoted, remembered, and repeated—ideal for a speech with global reach.

Both use the same rhetorical move, but with different rhythms and emotional effects. In the book, it’s quiet hope. In the speech, it’s determined belief.

CLAIM: Use of Contrast — Highlighting Injustice Through Juxtaposition

Malala also relies heavily on contrast—placing opposing ideas side by side to expose injustice. This move is present in both texts but again operates at different levels.

EVIDENCE: Paired Quotes

From Malala’s Magic Pencil:
“But my wishes changed. I wished for peace. I wished for war to end.”

From the Nobel Lecture:
“Why is it that countries which we call strong are so powerful in creating wars but so weak in bringing peace?”

ANALYSIS: From Personal Shift to Global Challenge

In the children’s book, the contrast is internal. Malala shows how her own wishes changed over time—from playful to profound. This transition reflects emotional maturity and introduces the idea that even children can grow to care about justice. The contrast is gentle—it teaches reflection.

In the lecture, contrast is used to challenge hypocrisy. She calls out global powers for their misplaced priorities. The rhetorical effect is sharper, more confrontational. She’s not reflecting here; she’s holding systems accountable.

Again, both use contrast, but one turns inward to inspire change, while the other looks outward to demand it.

CONCLUSION: Language with Purpose

Malala Yousafzai’s rhetoric is powerful for many reasons. It is not just the story she tells. It is how she adapts her language to fit her audience, genre, and purpose. In Malala’s Magic Pencil, she uses imagination, repetition, and gentle contrast to spark awareness in young readers. In her Nobel Peace Prize Lecture, she uses personal testimony. She employs urgent repetition and bold contrast. These techniques push for action on a global scale.

At the heart of both is the same message: education matters, and everyone has a role to play. But the way that message is delivered changes depending on who needs to hear it. That’s what makes her rhetoric not just moving—but effective.

Related Article: More Than Words: How Malala Yousafzai Uses Constitutive Rhetoric to Shape Global Identity

Works Cited

Yousafzai, Malala. Malala’s Magic Pencil. Illustrated by Kerascoët, Little, Brown and Company, 2017. https://youtu.be/HMsmlxmOK18?si=zhdzrkw0j1x8K5o9

Yousafzai, Malala. “Nobel Peace Prize Lecture.” NobelPrize.org, 10 Dec. 2014, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/yousafzai/lecture/.

Education Universe Argument Writing, College Courses

Arguing for Change: Ethos, Pathos, Logos, and Kairos

Using different persuasive techniques can make your argument much stronger. This applies when you’re trying to convince someone to make a change in your school or your community. Four of the most effective strategies are ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos. These are tools that help you build a solid argument by focusing on credibility, emotions, logic, and timing. Let’s break them down. I’ll show you how to use each one in a letter to argue for a change.

Ethos (Credibility or Ethics)

Ethos is all about establishing yourself as someone who knows what they’re talking about. When you demonstrate experience or knowledge on a subject, your credibility increases. The person reading your letter is more likely to take you seriously.

Example for a Letter: If you’re writing to your school principal asking for healthier lunch options, you could say:
“As a student who has researched nutrition for our health class project, I understand the importance of balanced meals for students’ performance. I’ve also spoken with several classmates who feel the same way.”
This statement builds your credibility by showing that you’ve done research and have talked to others, making your request more reliable.

Pathos (Emotional Appeal)

Pathos taps into the reader’s emotions. People are often moved to action when they feel connected to an issue on a personal level, so sharing a story or using emotional language can help strengthen your argument.

Example for a Letter: In your letter to the principal, you might include something like:
“Many students skip lunch because they don’t feel there are enough healthy or appetizing options. It’s heartbreaking to see friends go through the afternoon tired and hungry, which affects their ability to focus in class.”
This appeals to the principal’s emotions, helping them understand how the current lunch situation is personally affecting students.

Logos (Logical Appeal)

Logos is the use of facts, statistics, and clear reasoning to make your argument. Logic helps support your case with evidence that can’t be easily dismissed.

Example for a Letter: You could include something like:
“According to a study by the American Academy of Pediatrics, students who eat balanced, nutritious meals are 20% more likely to perform better in school. By offering healthier options, our school could see an improvement in overall student success.”
This shows you’ve done your research and have a logical reason for requesting healthier lunch options, using real data to support your argument.

Kairos (Timeliness)

Kairos is about the timing of your argument. If you can show why now is the right time to make the change, you’ll strengthen your case even further.

Example for a Letter: You might say:
“With the growing emphasis on student well-being and the recent focus on mental health, now is the perfect time for our school to update the lunch menu to support both the physical and mental health of students.”
By showing that this issue fits into the current conversation around student health, you make it more urgent and relevant.

Quick Recap for Your Letter:

  • Ethos = Show that you’re credible (I’ve researched this, and here’s what I’ve found).
  • Pathos = Appeal to emotions (It’s difficult to see students struggling because of this).
  • Logos = Use facts and logic (Here’s the data to back up my argument).
  • Kairos = Highlight why this is the right time (Given what’s happening now, this change is necessary).

Using a mix of ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos in your letter will help you create a well-rounded argument. This argument will be both convincing and compelling to your reader. Whether you’re arguing for a healthier school lunch menu or more environmentally-friendly policies, these strategies will help you. They will ensure you get your point across effectively!

Education Universe Argument Writing, College Courses

Tips for Writing a College Argument-Solution Paper

Now that you’ve been tasked with writing an argument-solution paper, what are you going to do? After all, this type of paper is unlike anything you’ve written in high school or even college. Fortunately, we’re here to help you tackle the writing assignment by breaking down the components into small tasks and explaining how to write each section effectively. Follow these 7 tips for writing a college argument solution paper and get back to living your life in no time!

Introduction

The introduction to any problem (argument) and solution essay should have all the bells and whistles of a normal argumentative essay including the hook, reason for discussion, definitions that might be needed for the reader to understand the essay, and the thesis statement. What is different about an argument solution paper is its addition of a solution/several potential solutions. The essay must include an explanation of how the issue can be solved in order to provide readers with something practical they can do with their skills or knowledge after reading it. The introduction will reflect the problem/argument as well as the solution, so this type of introduction may be slightly longer than the average essay.

Body Paragraphs

Body paragraphs should reflect each point in your thesis as well as your solution section of the essay. Your first section of your essay should discuss your first point of your thesis statement equipped with any information needed to understand the point as well as supporting research. Each section of the body should represent one aspect of the thesis in the order the points were placed in the thesis. The counter point can be before or after the discussion points depending on student/teacher preferences. Make sure that the counterargument/concession has some evidence to support it as well. 

The first part of the argument-solution essay will focus on the argument (in this case – establishing that the problem exists). The second part of the body paragraphs (usually a shorter section) will focus on an overall solution or multiple solutions depending on how the paper is constructed. Note that solutions typically have some research to support them. However, your instructor may ask you to critically examine a problem and argue for a change that you create to address the problem. 

Essentially, the paper establishes there’s a problem using supporting facts or examples that illustrate why this is a problem. Then, the paper ends with how the problem can be solved/addressed. The body may (and probably will) provide information on what potentially caused this problem, such as possible barriers to resolving it; any statistics or studies that prove that there is a need to address it; and your proposed solutions. 

Lastly, this type of essay usually ends with a short analysis of how these solutions might work together or whether they are viable enough to solve the issue.

Conclusion

If you take your time to really think about the argumentative essay and do your research, writing an argumentative paper can be an exciting and rewarding process. The guidelines in this post are designed to help you with the argument and solution-writing process, but they’re not meant to restrict your creativity. With some planning and preparation, you should be able to write a successful college argument-solution paper that will make a compelling case for whatever it is you’re arguing.

Thinking About Solutions

Solution writing is much like argumentative writing. The purpose of an argumentative essay is to persuade, whereas the purpose of solution writing is to suggest possible solutions and explore options. When you’re trying to come up with possible solutions, it’s important that you don’t focus on how right or wrong your idea may be because there are too many factors at play. Instead, try to focus on what could work and what might not work instead of feeling anxious about the outcome.

Transitions Between Paragraphs

Transitioning between paragraphs or sections of an essay is important and helps the reader understand your essay. You can use transitions such as furthermore, in addition, and therefore, to show how these ideas build on one another inside paragraphs. Try to make sure that you transition into new paragraphs with a topic sentence that tells the reader what they will find in this paragraph. Additionally, in higher level writing, the instructor will typically allow the use of level one headings inside the essay to divide sections. Breaking down longer writing pieces can help others understand the overall discussion better.

Final Advice

College essays and argumentative writing, in general, are often complicated to write and can be time-consuming to edit. To make the process easier on yourself, follow these tips:

  1. Start with an introduction paragraph that clearly states your problem/argument and the reasons behind it.
  2. Provide evidence that supports your discussion using statistics, personal anecdotes or expert opinions.
  3. Include detailed examples of the way you’ve seen this topic affect people’s lives in real life.
  4. Be willing to change the points you discuss in your paper if you can’t find sources to support them.
  5. Read the rubric before writing and after you finish to avoid having to redo anything.

Finally – Just breathe!

Education Universe Argument Writing

7 Techniques for Persuasive Writing

Introduction

Persuasive writing is one of the hardest types to master, but it’s also one of the most important types of writing in any academic or business career. Persuasive writing can help you convince someone that your point of view has merit or sway them in your direction on an issue that may be controversial within your company or industry. If you’re struggling with how to write an essay, try using these seven techniques for mastering the art of persuasive writing.

1) State your opinion

Stating your opinion or taking a position is where a writer starts with persuasive writing. It helps frame an argument and it creates direction for the reader as to what you are trying to convince them about. It’s not enough to just say that you think something, you have to state why, and present facts to support your opinion. With this in mind, let’s look at some other techniques that can help you write a strong essay

2) Give concrete evidence

In an academic paper that involves persuasion and argument, there must be evidence. A reader can only buy into your points if they are backed up by facts. For example, if you are arguing for gun control legislation, you should provide statistics about how guns contribute to violence in the United States. As a reminder, don’t forget to document the evidence you find using your formatting style such as APA or MLA.

3) Avoid absolutes

Absolute thinking will get you nowhere in academic writing. It should be avoided at all costs. For example, don’t write: The sky is always blue. Instead, write Some days, the sky is blue; other days it is gray. A more practical way of looking at this is to avoid words like “everyone,” “everything,” and “always.”

4) Offer a contrasting point of view

Acknowledging the other side is very important in persuasive writing. You don’t want your reader to be left wondering if there are any points that might weaken your argument. Offer a contrasting point of view and provide reasons why you disagree with it as well. This also helps you avoid alienating the reader/listener.

5) Consider all sides

Before trying to persuade others to see your point of view, it is best to consider all sides. You should take some time to research what others have said about the topic you are writing about and think critically about their arguments. You will find that not everyone agrees with you on everything, so make sure that you address those disagreements respectfully and give a compelling argument for why your opinion should be taken into consideration.

6) Relate your topic to something memorable

Relate your topic to something others might find to be familiar. For example, if you’re writing about how a certain restaurant doesn’t have any vegetarian options, you could mention how one time you were out with your friend who was vegan and they ended up having an allergic reaction because there was no dairy-free option. In addition, it’s also important to make sure that the reader can relate to what is being discussed as well as try not to use technical language so they don’t feel alienated.

7) Use quotes (and paraphrases) from influential sources

Using quotes and paraphrasing information from credible sources is important in supporting your argument. Remember to use a citation, or attribution, at the end of any sentence that includes a quote or paraphrase so readers know where you found this information. (Citation: Lewis, K., Four Techniques to Create an Effective Argument.)

Conclusion

Persuasive writing is a technique used in essays to convince readers that your argument is correct. So, when you are writing an essay, be sure to incorporate these 7 persuasive techniques into your essay and you will have mastered the art of persuasive writing!

Education Universe Argument Writing

What are Fallacies? How to Spot Them in an Argument

What are fallacies? Many people think they’re the same thing as logical errors, but the two terms aren’t the same at all. A fallacy is actually an error of reasoning that isn’t necessarily related to the facts or the premises in an argument. In fact, fallacies don’t deal with the truth or how false an argument is, but rather how valid it really is. This means that you can use fallacies to make both valid and invalid arguments.

Types of Logical Fallacies

There are many types of logical fallacies. They are all different, and they’re not always obvious. Sometimes, the fallacy is very subtle, and it may not even be a formal fallacy at all. However, if you know what to look for, you can find the fallacy in any argument essay or argument writing that you come across.

Straw Man

What is a straw man fallacy? A straw man argument, also known as the argument from false analogy or argumentum ad hominem, is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone presents another person’s argument in a twisted or exaggerated way. It’s one of the most common types of fallacies and it’s often difficult to recognize. A person making this type of argument may distort their opponent’s words, or misinterpret what they say, then proceed to refute these points. The intent is typically to make the opponent look bad by attacking the distorted version of their argument rather than addressing the real point. One technique for avoiding a straw man argument would be to make sure you understand your opponent’s actual position before you try to argue against it.

Slippery Slope


What is a slippery slope fallacy ? It’s when someone jumps from one event or example to the other without any kind of logical connection. It can be dangerous because it is all too easy for people, who are eager to make their point and ignore any other evidence, can mislead readers into thinking that there is more evidence than there really is. In argument essay writing, it’s not always clear what fallacies are at first glance but they can be identified by asking: Is there anything that connects these two statements together? Are they both making the same point? The slippery slope fallacy occurs when someone jumps from one statement to another without any kind of logical connection between them. Sometimes, it’s difficult to tell if something is a slippery slope fallacy right away so ask yourself is there anything connecting these two statements? If not, then it’s probably just a word salad or an ad hominem attack.

Ad Hominem


What is an ad hominem fallacy ? An ad hominem fallacy is when someone attacks the person instead of their argument. They may bring up irrelevant information about that person, or belittle that person in order to discredit what they are saying. For example, someone might say that person A doesn’t know anything about argument writing because they were a graduate student who got straight A’s. It would be fallacious because it does not relate to the argument at hand and does not address what the other person said. When you attack the person you are attacking their character and not what they have argued for. When debating people often try to attack each other by bringing up unrelated points about each other which causes more arguments than actual rebuttals.

False Cause


What is a false cause fallacy? It’s when someone assumes that one event causes another without any real evidence. For example, some people believe that children should not have sugar because it will lead to cavities and tooth decay. It might be true that cavities happen more often with sugar-intake than without, but it might also be true that cavities happen more often with children who brush their teeth less or who eat sugary foods other than just sugar. The correlation doesn’t prove the connection! There are many factors at play and we can’t assume that just because two events occur together, one caused the other. Another common false cause fallacy is assuming that rain has something to do with why you’re having so much trouble sleeping. That’s probably not why you’re not getting enough sleep at night.

Begging the Question


What is a begging the question fallacy? When someone assumes that the conclusion is true without any evidence, or when they claim that their conclusion is true because it has always been assumed as such. For example, the Bible is infallible and we know this because it says so.
In order for you to come up with your own argument, ask yourself these questions:
1) Do you have any evidence for your statement? 2) Does what you say follow logically from what you already said? 3) Could it be possible that there is another reason why people believe something? 4) Is there some other way of interpreting what you say?

Red Herring


What is a red herring fallacy ? A red herring fallacy occurs when someone distracts the opponent by bringing up a subject which has nothing to do with the argument. A red herring would be something like, Look at that deer over there. The other person may respond, Where? The first person will say, I said there was a deer over there. Then the second person might respond, You’re right, I can’t see it now. In this case the second person got distracted and forgot what they were originally talking about.

Conclusion

Fallacies can be used in arguments for many reasons, but the most common is to win an argument. It’s important not only to know that they exist, but also how to spot them in your own work and when someone else is using a fallacy against you.