research – Education Universe

January 28, 2026 Education Universe Research Writing

Understanding Scholarly Sources and How to Evaluate Them

When instructors ask students to use scholarly sources, the request can feel vague or intimidating. Many students wonder what actually counts as scholarly, how scholarly sources differ from regular articles found online, and how to know whether a source is reliable enough to use in an academic paper. This article explains what scholarly sources are, shows examples of what scholarly writing looks like, and introduces a simple method called the CRAAP Test to help evaluate sources. By the end, you should feel more confident identifying and using scholarly sources in your own academic work.

What Are Scholarly Sources?

Scholarly sources are works written by experts for other experts or students in a specific academic field. These sources are usually published in academic journals, university presses, or professional publications. Their purpose is not to entertain or persuade a general audience, but to contribute to ongoing research, discussion, or knowledge in a discipline.

Most scholarly sources share several key characteristics. They are written by authors with advanced degrees or professional expertise. They are based on original research, experiments, or detailed analysis of existing research. They include citations and references that show where information comes from. They are usually written in formal language and follow a structured format that may include sections such as an abstract, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion.

Peer review is another defining feature of scholarly sources. Before publication, many scholarly articles are reviewed by other experts in the same field. These reviewers evaluate the research methods, arguments, and conclusions to ensure the work meets academic standards. This process helps reduce errors and bias and adds credibility to the source.

Common examples of scholarly sources include academic journal articles, scholarly books, conference proceedings, and government or institutional research reports.

How Scholarly Sources Differ from Popular Sources

Understanding what scholarly sources are also requires understanding what they are not. Popular sources include news articles, blogs, magazines, and many general websites. These sources are written for a broad audience and often focus on accessibility rather than depth. While popular sources can be useful for background information or current events, they usually do not meet the standards required for academic research.

For example, a magazine article about climate change might summarize recent findings in simple language. A scholarly article on the same topic would present original data, explain the research methods in detail, and situate the findings within existing scientific literature. Both have value, but they serve different purposes.

Examples of Scholarly Writing

One way to recognize a scholarly source is by how it sounds on the page. Scholarly writing is careful, precise, and evidence based. The tone is often neutral and cautious rather than emotional or opinion driven.

Consider the following excerpt from a scholarly psychology journal article:

“The results indicate a statistically significant correlation between sleep duration and cognitive performance among undergraduate students, suggesting that chronic sleep deprivation may impair executive functioning” (Hershner and Chervin 74).

This excerpt shows several features of scholarly writing. The authors refer to data and results rather than personal opinions. The language is specific and measured. Terms like “statistically significant” and “executive functioning” signal that the authors are writing for an academic audience familiar with the field.

Here is another example from a scholarly education journal:

“Prior research demonstrates that formative feedback, when provided consistently and aligned with learning objectives, can significantly improve student engagement and academic achievement” (Hattie and Timperley 88).

Again, the authors are referencing previous research rather than making unsupported claims. The sentence connects the current discussion to an ongoing scholarly conversation.

In contrast, a non scholarly source might say something like, “Getting enough sleep is really important for college students because it helps them think better.” While this statement may be true, it lacks evidence, precision, and citation.

Why Instructors Require Scholarly Sources

Instructors require scholarly sources because they want students to engage with reliable, credible information. Scholarly sources show how knowledge is created and debated within a field. They help students learn how to analyze evidence, evaluate arguments, and build their own claims based on research.

Using scholarly sources also helps prevent the spread of misinformation. Because these sources are reviewed and documented, readers can trace ideas back to their original studies and judge the quality of the evidence for themselves.

Evaluating Sources with the CRAAP Test

Even scholarly looking sources should be evaluated carefully. One widely used method for evaluating sources is the CRAAP Test. CRAAP stands for Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose. This test offers a quick but effective way to assess whether a source is appropriate for academic work.

Currency refers to how recent the information is. In fast changing fields like medicine or technology, sources may need to be very recent. In fields like history or philosophy, older sources may still be valuable. Checking the publication date helps determine whether the information is up to date for your topic.

Relevance asks whether the source actually fits your research question. A scholarly article may be credible, but if it does not directly address your topic, it may not be useful. Consider the intended audience, level of detail, and scope of the source.

Authority focuses on who wrote the source and why they are qualified. Scholarly sources usually list the author’s credentials and institutional affiliation. An article written by a university researcher in a peer reviewed journal generally has more authority than an unsigned web page.

Accuracy examines whether the information is supported by evidence. Scholarly sources typically include citations, data, and references that allow readers to verify claims. If a source makes bold statements without evidence, that is a red flag.

Purpose looks at why the source exists. Scholarly sources aim to inform, analyze, or contribute to research rather than sell a product or push a political agenda. Understanding the purpose helps readers identify potential bias.

The CRAAP Test does not guarantee a source is perfect, but it provides a clear framework for making informed decisions about credibility.

Using Scholarly Sources in Your Writing

Once you have identified strong scholarly sources, the next step is using them effectively in your writing. This means integrating quotations, paraphrases, and summaries smoothly into your own arguments. It also means citing sources properly so readers can locate them.

In-text citations show where information comes from and give credit to the original authors. For example, after discussing the effects of sleep on learning, a student might write, “Research indicates that insufficient sleep negatively affects attention and memory in college students (Hershner and Chervin 76).” This citation allows readers to find the full source in the Works Cited list.

Conclusion

Scholarly sources are a cornerstone of academic research. They are written by experts, grounded in evidence, and designed to contribute to knowledge within a discipline. Learning to recognize scholarly writing, understand its purpose, and evaluate its credibility using tools like the CRAAP Test helps students become stronger researchers and writers. While scholarly sources may seem dense at first, practice and familiarity make them easier to navigate and more rewarding to use.

Works Cited

Hattie, John, and Helen Timperley. “The Power of Feedback.” Review of Educational Research, vol. 77, no. 1, 2007, pp. 81–112.

Hershner, Shelley, and Ronald Chervin. “Causes and Consequences of Sleepiness Among College Students.” Nature and Science of Sleep, vol. 6, 2014, pp. 73–84.

Jones, Jacqueline. “Evaluating Sources: Research Foundations for Building Strong Research in the Information Age.” Education Universe, 13 Oct. 2025, https://educationuniverse.org/2025/10/13/evaluating-sources-research-foundations-building-strong-research-in-the-information-age/. Accessed 20 Jan. 2026.

Merriam Webster Dictionary. “Scholarly.” Merriam Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scholarly. Accessed 15 Jan. 2026.

October 21, 2025 Education Universe Argument Writing, College Courses, College writing, High School Writing, Research Writing

Developing Your Proposal and Research Plan

Writing a research proposal is one of the most useful steps in becoming a confident, organized writer. Whether you’re working on a formal academic paper or preparing to pitch a project later in your career, knowing how to explain what you want to study and why it matters is a skill that sets strong writers apart. This week’s focus on proposal writing and early research helps you think deeply before diving into the full essay.

What a Proposal Really Is

Think of a proposal as your essay’s blueprint. It’s where you sketch the big picture: What problem are you trying to solve? Who cares about it? What’s your plan to explore it? A proposal isn’t the final product. It’s the foundation that keeps your project organized and purposeful.

Too often, writers start drafting essays before figuring out what they actually want to say. The result is usually an unfocused paper full of last-minute research and weak arguments. A proposal helps you avoid that by forcing you to pause, think, and plan. It also gives you the chance to get feedback before you’re too far along, saving you time and helping you strengthen your ideas early on.

The Purpose of a Research Proposal

At its core, a proposal answers four questions:

What issue or question are you exploring?
You’re identifying a real-world problem or question that needs attention. Good topics aren’t just interesting. They’re investigable and debatable.
Why does it matter?
You’re explaining why this topic deserves space in the conversation. Maybe it affects your community, connects to a national issue, or relates to your field of study.
Who is your audience?
You’re identifying who needs to hear your argument. That might be students, professionals, local residents, or policymakers. Knowing your audience helps you choose the best tone, evidence, and approach.
How will you research and present it?
You’re mapping out how you’ll gather evidence and what kind of argument you plan to make – cause and effect, solution-oriented, comparison, or something else.

By answering these questions clearly, you show that your topic is not only interesting but also meaningful and manageable.

Choosing a Topic That Works

Picking the right topic can make or break your project. It’s tempting to choose big, well-known debates, such as gun control, abortion, or school uniforms, but those topics are so broad and saturated that it’s nearly impossible to say something fresh. A better approach is to look for a focused issue that personally interests you or that affects your community.

Here are some examples of strong, specific alternatives:

Instead of “Social media and teens,” try “How TikTok challenges affect high school students’ attention spans.”
Instead of “Climate change,” try “How community gardens reduce urban heat in small cities.”
Instead of “Mental health,” try “Why colleges should offer mindfulness training during freshman orientation.”

See the difference? Narrowing your scope gives you something doable. You can actually research it, analyze it, and say something original.

When choosing a topic, ask yourself:

Does this topic genuinely interest me?
Can I find credible sources about it?
Will my audience care?
Is the issue current or evolving in a way that allows for new insights?

If you can answer “yes” to most of those, you’re on the right track.

Turning a Topic into a Research Question

Once you’ve identified a topic, your next step is to transform it into a research question. A strong research question does three things:

It invites exploration rather than simple yes/no answers.
It hints at possible directions for argument.
It focuses your essay on a specific problem or group.

For example:

Weak: Should schools have dress codes?
Better: How do school dress codes impact students’ self-expression and sense of belonging?
Strong: How can schools balance dress code enforcement with students’ freedom of expression and cultural identity?

The strong version gives you space to research multiple sides and propose solutions. It’s open enough to explore but narrow enough to handle within one essay.

Locating Credible Sources

Once you have your question, it’s time to see what’s already been said about it. This is where research begins. For this stage, quality matters more than quantity. You need sources that are reliable, relevant, and current.

Here’s where to look:

Library databases: These contain peer-reviewed articles, academic journals, and studies. They’re the gold standard for credibility.
Google Scholar: A quick way to find scholarly articles and government or institutional reports.
Official organizations: Government websites, nonprofits, or educational institutions often publish trustworthy data.

Avoid sources that are biased, outdated, or opinion-based. For instance, blog posts, social media threads, or articles that clearly push an agenda won’t help you build credibility.

As you read, take short notes:

What’s the main argument?
What kind of evidence does the author use?
How might this information help me shape my proposal?

These early notes will later help you build your annotated bibliography and develop your argument.

Writing the Proposal

A well-structured proposal usually includes four sections:

Working Title and Research Question
Start with a clear, specific question that defines your focus. Your title doesn’t have to be perfect yet—it just needs to capture the essence of your project. Example:
Title: “Unplugged Minds: How Digital Detox Programs Improve Student Mental Health”
Question: How do short-term digital detox programs impact college students’ stress levels and academic focus?
Purpose and Rationale
Explain why this issue matters. What’s at stake? Who benefits if the problem is addressed—or who suffers if it’s ignored? This section shows that you’ve thought beyond yourself and considered real-world implications.
Audience and Approach
Identify your audience and describe how you plan to reach them. Are you persuading readers to take action? Informing them about a misunderstood issue? Reframing a debate? The clearer your approach, the stronger your proposal.
Preliminary Sources
List at least three credible sources and briefly explain how each connects to your topic. For instance:
- One might provide background information.
- Another could offer data or statistics.
- A third might present an opposing viewpoint you plan to address.
Keep your tone professional and concise. This section shows you’ve already started the research process and can back up your claims.

Peer Review and Revision

Once you post your proposal draft, feedback becomes your secret weapon. Peers often spot gaps or assumptions that you’ve overlooked. They can also help you test how your topic lands with an audience.

When reviewing others’ work, focus on:

Clarity: Is the main question or issue clear?
Relevance: Does the topic feel meaningful and specific?
Focus: Is the scope manageable for one essay?
Evidence: Are the sources credible and connected to the question?

When receiving feedback, don’t take it personally. Take it seriously. Revision is where good writing becomes great writing.

Why This Step Matters

Writing a proposal teaches you how to plan, argue, and think critically. It’s not just a school assignment. It mirrors how real-world writing works. In business, research, and even creative fields, professionals write proposals all the time to pitch ideas, secure funding, or outline projects. This exercise builds transferable skills: critical thinking, organization, and persuasive communication.

Final Thoughts

This week’s readings and assignments are about slowing down and thinking strategically. Before writing the full essay, you’re learning to understand your own argument. The proposal stage helps you:

Turn vague ideas into focused plans.
Build a foundation for credible research.
Identify your purpose and audience.
Write with direction rather than guesswork.

Strong research doesn’t begin with typing. It begins with thinking. Your proposal gives you space to think clearly, structure your ideas, and prepare to write something that matters. Use this week to explore, question, and refine. By the time you move into your full draft, you won’t just be writing an essay. You’ll be writing with purpose and confidence.

Works Cited

American Psychological Association. How to Find Reliable Sources. APA Style, 2023,
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reliable-sources. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.

Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. 6th ed., W. W. Norton, 2023.

Joy, Annamma, and John F. Sherry Jr. “Fast Fashion, Sustainability, and the Ethical Appeal of Luxury Brands.” Fashion Theory, vol. 16, no. 3, 2012, pp. 273–295. Taylor & Francis Online, https://doi.org/10.2752/175174112X13340749707123.

Niinimäki, Kirsi, et al. “The Environmental Price of Fast Fashion.” Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, vol. 1, 2020, pp. 189–200. Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). “Developing a Research Question.” Purdue University, 2024,
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/developing_a_research_question.html. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Writing Center. “Proposals.” The Writing Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, 2024,
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/proposals. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.

October 13, 2025 Education Universe Uncategorized

Evaluating Sources & Research Foundations: Building Strong Research in the Information Age

In an era where information is everywhere, distinguishing reliable from unreliable sources is one of the most critical skills for students, researchers, and curious citizens alike. Poor sources can mislead, undermine arguments, or spread misinformation. At the same time, research itself is built upon foundational practices such as clear questions, transparent methods, and ethical use of sources. In this article, you’ll learn how to evaluate sources rigorously and understand the foundations of good scholarly research.

Why This Matters in Today’s World

Proliferation of misinformation. The web, social media, and algorithmic newsfeeds sometimes amplify unfounded claims, biased reporting, and sensational content. Without critical thinking, it’s easy to accept misinformation as fact.
Scholarship depends on trust. Whether writing a paper or proposing a project, your arguments rest on the shoulders of existing work. Using low-quality or dubious sources weakens your case.
Developing “information literacy.” Being literate in information means knowing how to find, evaluate, use, and communicate information responsibly. These are foundational skills for any discipline.

Notably, research has shown that stronger skills in information evaluation correlate with higher health literacy. That is, people are better able to judge medical and public-health claims when they’ve practiced evaluating sources.

The Foundations of Scholarly Research

Before diving into source evaluation, it helps to step back and understand some core foundations of research. These principles guide more than just selecting sources. They shape the design and credibility of your entire work.

Clear Research Question or Hypothesis: Every project should start with a question you want to answer (or a hypothesis to test). This sets boundaries on what topics and types of evidence are relevant.
Methodological Rigor & Transparency: Whether qualitative or quantitative, your method (how you gather data or texts) should be clear and documented, so others can follow, critique, or replicate.
Ethical Use of Sources & Citations: Proper attribution, avoiding plagiarism, respecting privacy, and adhering to ethical guidelines are nonnegotiable.
Critical Engagement: You shouldn’t just accept sources; you engage with them—compare, contrast, analyze bias, and situate them in dialogue with others.
Iterative Process: Good research is rarely linear. You may refine your question, seek new sources, revise arguments as you read deeper.

With these foundations in place, you’re better equipped to judge which sources deserve space in your work and which deserve more scrutiny.

A Classic Tool: The CRAAP Test (and Its Evolution)

One of the most widely taught frameworks for judging sources is the CRAAP Test, developed by Sarah Blakeslee at Meriam Library, CSU Chico, and later refined by librarians. 

CRAAP is an acronym for:

Currency — the timeliness of the information
Relevance — how well it relates to your research
Authority — who is the author/creator and what are their credentials
Accuracy — the reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content
Purpose — the reason the information exists (to inform, persuade, sell, entertain, etc.)

For example, in the “Purpose” dimension, an article that intends to sell a product may carry bias, so you would treat its claims more cautiously.

While CRAAP is intuitive and easy to teach, it has its critics in the digital age. Some argue students treat it too much like a checklist and fail to investigate deeper. 

To address these concerns, newer or adapted frameworks—such as CCOW (Credentials, Claims, Objectives, Worldview) or expanded CRAAP with metacognitive reflection—encourage a more investigative mindset and self-awareness in evaluation. 

Some scholars also expand the idea of a “ladder” or progressive steps: from superficial appearance checks, to deeper lateral reading (checking what others say), and then internal reflection on one’s own biases and assumptions.

Practical Strategies for Evaluating Sources

Below is a step‑by‑step approach combining classic and modern practices:

1. Start with CRAAP (or a variant)

Work through each dimension:

Currency: Look at publication date, revision history, or timestamps.
Relevance: Does it address your question, at the right level and depth?
Authority: Check the author’s credentials, institutional affiliation, and reputation.
Accuracy: Look for references, data, peer review, logical consistency.
Purpose: Identify potential bias, funding source, audience, motive.

Many library guides walk students through these questions. 

2. Do Lateral Reading

Lateral reading means stepping away from the source and checking what others (experts, fact-checkers, reviews) say about it.

Search the author’s name, domain, or title.
See if journalists, scholars, or institutions critique or cite it.
Consult fact-checking sites (e.g. Snopes, FactCheck.org).

This method mimics what professional fact-checkers do—and guards against polished but shallow websites.

3. Triangulate & Cross-Verify

Don’t rely on one source alone. Compare multiple independent sources. If multiple credible sources converge on the same conclusion, confidence rises. If there’s disagreement, you may need to dig deeper.

4. Watch for Red Flags

Some signs suggest caution:

No clear author or anonymous authorship
Sensational language, clickbait headlines
No or weak citations
Broken links, outdated data
One-sided arguments without acknowledgment of counterpoints

5. Reflect on Bias & Worldview

Every author carries assumptions and worldview. Ask: whose voice is missing? What angles or contexts are omitted? What agenda might be present?

Newer approaches to evaluation encourage adding an explicit “worldview” or “metacognitive” dimension to help evaluators consider their own biases and assumptions. 

Example Walkthrough

Suppose you find a news article claiming that “drinking green tea cures cancer.” You might:

Currency: Check the timestamp; is it recent or years old?
Relevance: Does it cite a study? Which kind? (Animal, human, observational, etc.)
Authority: Who wrote it? Do they have medical or scientific credentials?
Accuracy: Does it cite peer-reviewed studies? Are those studies methodologically sound?
Purpose: Is the article promoting a product or affiliate link?

Then, do a lateral check: see what reputable medical sites (PubMed, WHO, cancer centers) say. If no credible source supports the claim, you’d probably reject or heavily qualify the claim.

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths:

The CRAAP test is teachable and intuitive; many librarians and educators use it.
It instills a habits-based approach to source evaluation.
When paired with lateral reading and reflection, it becomes more robust.

Limitations:

Students often treat it as a superficial tick-box list without deeper investigation. 
It doesn’t always adapt well to evolving information landscapes (AI-generated content, deepfakes, algorithmic bias).
It may undervalue nontraditional sources or marginalized voices if authority is narrowly defined. Some scholars have proposed modifying or expanding authority and bias criteria to be more inclusive.

Putting It All Together: A Workflow

Define your question.
Find candidate sources (library databases, Google Scholar, institutional sites).
Screen quickly with surface cues (author, date, domain).
Apply CRAAP + lateral reading to shortlisted sources.
Triangulate with other sources.
Document your evaluation decisions (so you can explain in your research, e.g. in footnotes or reflection).
Use sources critically—not as passive acceptance but as part of your argument.

Conclusion

Evaluating sources and grounding your work in solid research foundations are inseparable tasks. The smarter your approach to selecting and interrogating evidence, the stronger your research becomes. By combining time-tested frameworks like CRAAP (or its evolved variants), lateral reading, and self-reflection on bias, you’ll be better prepared to navigate the complex information ecosystem of our time.

Works Cited

“Applying the CRAAP Test & Evaluating Sources.” Scribbr, 27 Aug. 2021 (rev. May 31, 2023).
“Evaluating Sources: The CRAAP Test.” Research Guides – Benedictine University.
“CRAAP Test – Information Literacy & Library Research.” Southern Utah University Library.
“Using the CRAAP Test to Evaluate Websites.” ScholarSpace, University of Hawaiʻi.
“The evolution and future of source evaluation frameworks.” Journal of New Librarianship.
“Questioning CRAAP: A Comparison of Source Evaluation Methods.” ERIC / Education Resources Information Center.
“Identifying CRAAP on the Internet: A Source Evaluation Intervention.” ASSRJ (Academic Social Science Research Journal).
“Mapping Philanthropic Support of Science.” arXiv preprint.
“Foundation Funding | Cornell Research Services.” Cornell University.
“The Effectiveness of CRAAP Test in Evaluating Credibility of Sources.” i‑JTE Journal.
“Associations between health literacy and information‑evaluation and decision‑making skills.” PMC / PubMed Central.

September 22, 2025 Education Universe Uncategorized

Avoiding Plagiarism: Tips for Academic Integrity

Plagiarism is one of the most serious offenses in academic, creative, and professional fields. At its core, plagiarism involves presenting someone else’s work, ideas, or expressions as your own without proper acknowledgment. It is not limited to copying text from a book or website. It also includes paraphrasing without credit, using someone else’s data, or even reusing your own previous work without citation, a practice known as self-plagiarism.

The rise of digital information has made plagiarism easier and more tempting than ever. With a few keystrokes, a person can copy entire articles, essays, or papers from the internet. However, just because the information is easy to access does not make it free to steal. Original work remains protected by intellectual property laws, ethical standards, and academic integrity policies.

Understanding the different forms of plagiarism is the first step toward avoiding it. Direct plagiarism is the most obvious form. It involves copying text word-for-word from a source without using quotation marks or providing attribution. A famous example occurred in 2006 when Kaavya Viswanathan, a Harvard student and novelist, was found to have copied passages from multiple books in her debut novel. The book was quickly pulled from shelves, and her publishing contract was canceled.

Mosaic plagiarism is more subtle. It involves borrowing phrases, ideas, or parts of sentences from a source while mixing them with original work, often without using quotation marks. Although the writing may appear to be original, the structure and phrasing still belong to someone else. This type of plagiarism was at the center of a controversy involving Fareed Zakaria, a journalist and commentator who was accused in 2012 of using portions of other writers’ work without proper attribution in both his columns and books.

Another form is paraphrasing plagiarism. This occurs when someone rephrases another person’s ideas in their own words but fails to give credit to the source. In academia, this is a frequent issue. In one case, a university professor was found to have paraphrased sections of a colleague’s research without attribution in a grant application. Though the wording was different, the ideas were lifted, and the professor faced professional sanctions.

Self-plagiarism is when someone reuses their own previous work without informing the audience or citing the original. For example, Jonah Lehrer, a former staff writer for The New Yorker, resigned in 2012 after it was revealed he had reused large portions of his earlier work in new columns and publications. This practice damaged his credibility and ended his career in high-profile journalism.

Accidental plagiarism is also a concern. It happens when a person forgets to cite a source, misquotes a passage, or fails to paraphrase properly. While there may be no intent to deceive, the consequences can still be severe. In 2008, a student at a major university was nearly expelled for submitting a research paper with several passages that closely mirrored sources he forgot to cite. Though the mistake was unintentional, it highlighted the importance of diligence and accuracy in academic writing.

The consequences of plagiarism can be devastating. In academic settings, students can face failing grades, suspension, or expulsion. In professional environments, plagiarism can lead to damaged reputations, job loss, and legal repercussions. Writers, researchers, and artists who plagiarize risk losing their credibility and audience. Former German Defense Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg resigned in 2011 after it was discovered that large sections of his doctoral dissertation were plagiarized. The scandal not only cost him his academic title but also his political career.

To avoid plagiarism, several strategies should be employed. The most important is proper citation. Whether you are quoting directly, paraphrasing, or summarizing, always give credit to the original source. Style guides such as APA, MLA, and Chicago provide detailed rules on how to cite different types of sources.

Another useful strategy is to take detailed notes while researching. Keeping track of where information comes from makes it easier to attribute ideas correctly later. Quotation marks should be used when copying text directly, and citations should be placed immediately after the quote or paraphrased passage.

Using plagiarism detection tools can also help. These tools compare your work with a database of existing content and highlight similarities. While they are not foolproof, they can catch unintentional mistakes and give you a chance to correct them before submission.

Educators and institutions also play a vital role in preventing plagiarism. Teaching students about the value of original work, the importance of citation, and the ethics of research can foster a culture of honesty. Assignments should encourage critical thinking and personal expression rather than regurgitation of facts.

It is also worth considering the root causes of plagiarism. Many students plagiarize because of pressure to succeed, lack of time, or fear of failure. Others may not understand what constitutes plagiarism or how to avoid it. Addressing these issues through support, clear expectations, and access to resources can reduce the incidence of plagiarism.

In creative fields, originality is a core value. Artists, musicians, and writers strive to produce unique work that reflects their vision and voice. Plagiarism in these domains is not only unethical but also a violation of the creative process. In the music industry, several high-profile lawsuits have emerged, including the 2015 case in which Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams were ordered to pay over seven million dollars to the estate of Marvin Gaye for copying elements of his song “Got to Give It Up” in their hit “Blurred Lines.”

Technology has made it easier to both commit and detect plagiarism. While copying is easier than ever, so is identifying copied work. Sophisticated algorithms can scan documents and flag suspicious similarities. However, the ultimate responsibility still lies with the individual. Ethical behavior cannot be automated. It must be learned and practiced.

Understanding plagiarism is about more than avoiding punishment. It is about respecting the intellectual labor of others and valuing the authenticity of your own work. Original thinking and honest effort are the foundations of trust in any field, from academia to the arts to industry.

In summary, plagiarism undermines the very purpose of education, creativity, and professional development. It is not just a rule to follow but a principle to uphold. Learning how to properly credit sources, manage research effectively, and express one’s own ideas clearly are essential skills for any writer or thinker. By fostering integrity and accountability, we build a stronger, more trustworthy world of knowledge and creativity.

September 8, 2025 Education Universe Uncategorized

How to Read a Scholarly Article

Reading a scholarly article might feel overwhelming at first, but once you know how to approach it, the whole process becomes much more manageable. Here’s a simple way to tackle it step by step:

Begin with the Big Picture

Start by reading the title and abstract. Think of the abstract as a tiny summary that tells you what the study is about, what the authors did, and what they found. It helps you decide quickly if the article is relevant to your interests or research question. If it doesn’t seem helpful, it’s okay to move on.

Skim the Structure

Most scholarly articles follow a familiar format: abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion. In scientific research, this structure is often referred to as IMRAD. Knowing this framework allows you to jump to the section that best serves your purpose. For example, the methods if you’re curious about how the researchers conducted the study

Read with Focus

Now that you’ve skimmed, it’s time to go deeper. Start with the introduction to understand the background, the problem being addressed, and why it matters. Then move to the results or discussion to see what the researchers found and how they interpreted those findings. The methods section can feel tough, so read it when you need to confirm how the research was done.

Ask Questions as You Go

As you read, jot down notes in the margins or in a separate document. Ask yourself: What is the main question the authors are trying to answer? How did they test it? What stands out in their findings? Do I trust their conclusions based on the evidence provided?

Let the Visuals Speak

Charts and figures are not just decoration. They often carry the heart of the findings. Take time to understand what each graph or table shows and how it relates back to what you read in the text.

Reflect on the Article’s Design

Finally, think about how the article fits into its discipline. What kind of tone do the authors use? Is there a heavy reliance on data, case studies, or literature review? Scholars write differently depending on their field—observe what conventions are at play.

Check List

Read the title and abstract to get the gist
Skim to note the structure and decide where to dig in
Read sections with purpose. Start with intro or discussion
Take notes and ask meaningful questions
Study visuals and cross-reference with text
Consider how disciplinary norms shape the article

With practice, you’ll be able to read scholarly articles more confidently and efficiently. Over time this skill becomes second nature, and it will help you in every step of your academic journey.

Works Cited

“Anatomy of a Scholarly Article.” NC State University Libraries. 2025.

“Reading Scholarly Articles.” Purdue University Libraries. 26 Aug. 2025.

“Strategies for Reading Academic Articles.” George Mason University Writing Center.

Ten Simple Rules for Reading a Scientific Paper. MA Carey. 2020.

“Tips for Reading Psychology Journal Articles.” Verywell Mind. 2007.

March 14, 2025 Education Universe College writing, Formatting, MLA Formatting, MLA Formatting, Writing Skills

Guide to MLA Formatting & Integrating Scholarly Sources

Whether you’re writing a research paper, a literary analysis, or a critical essay, MLA (Modern Language Association) formatting is one of the most commonly used citation styles in college writing. It helps maintain consistency, credibility, and clarity in academic work. But MLA is more than just formatting—it’s also about properly integrating scholarly sources into your writing. This guide will walk you through the essentials of MLA style and how to seamlessly include outside research in your papers.

Why MLA Formatting Matters

MLA formatting ensures that academic writing is professional, organized, and free of plagiarism. It helps readers locate your sources easily and gives credit to the original authors of your research materials. Most college-level literature, humanities, and writing courses use MLA style because it emphasizes clarity and proper attribution of ideas.

The Basics of MLA Formatting

Before we dive into citing sources, let’s cover the general formatting rules for an MLA paper.

1. General Paper Formatting

Use 12-point Times New Roman font
Set 1-inch margins on all sides
Double-space everything
Indent the first line of each paragraph (use the Tab key)
Include a header with your last name and page number in the upper right corner

2. The First Page (No Title Page Needed!)

Unlike some citation styles, MLA does not require a title page unless specifically requested by your instructor. Instead, on the top left corner of the first page, include:

Your name
Your professor’s name
The course title
The date (Day Month Year format, e.g., 14 March 2025)
The title of your paper (centered, in title case, no bold or italics unless there is a book title within it)

3. Works Cited Page

The Works Cited page appears at the end of your paper and lists all sources cited in your work. It should:

Have the title Works Cited (centered at the top)
List sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name
Use a hanging indent, meaning the first line of each citation is flush left, and subsequent lines are indented

How to Cite Sources in MLA

In-Text Citations

When you use information from a scholarly source, you must include an in-text citation in parentheses that directs the reader to the full citation on the Works Cited page.

Basic format: (Author’s Last Name Page Number)
- Example: (Smith 45).
If there is no author, use the title of the work in quotation marks: (“MLA Formatting Guide” 12).
For multiple authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”: (Johnson et al. 27).

Works Cited Entry Examples

Here are examples of different types of sources formatted in MLA style.

Book:
Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Random House, 1959.

Journal Article:
Smith, John. “The Impact of Economic Inequality on Literature.” Journal of Literary Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, 2020, pp. 45-62.

Website:
Kamp, David. “Rethinking the American Dream.” Vanity Fair, Apr. 2009, http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/04/american-dream200904.

How to Integrate Scholarly Sources into Your Paper

Citing sources is more than just listing references—you need to seamlessly integrate them into your analysis. Here are three methods for including sources effectively:

1. Direct Quotes

A direct quote uses the author’s exact words and must be enclosed in quotation marks. Always introduce the quote and explain its relevance.

Example:
As Hansberry illustrates in A Raisin in the Sun, “Money is life” (Hansberry 55). This statement highlights Walter’s belief that financial success defines his worth.

Tip: Use direct quotes sparingly and only when the wording is especially powerful or necessary.

2. Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing involves restating an idea in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. It still requires an in-text citation.

Example:
Walter equates financial success with personal fulfillment, believing that wealth is the key to happiness (Hansberry 55).

Tip: Paraphrasing is useful when you want to simplify complex ideas while keeping your paper in your own voice.

3. Summarizing

Summarizing condenses a larger portion of a source into a brief overview, making it useful for background information.

Example:
In A Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry explores how racial and economic barriers shape the Younger family’s dreams (Hansberry).

Common MLA Mistakes to Avoid

Even seasoned writers make errors in MLA formatting. Here are a few to watch out for:

Forgetting the page number in in-text citations (e.g., writing Hansberry instead of (Hansberry 55))
Incorrectly formatting the Works Cited page (e.g., not using a hanging indent)
Overusing direct quotes instead of paraphrasing
Failing to introduce or analyze quotes—don’t just drop them in without context!

Mastering MLA format and integrating scholarly sources takes practice, but it’s a skill that will serve you well in college and beyond. Remember to:

Follow MLA guidelines for formatting and citations
Use a mix of quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing
Always introduce and explain your sources
Double-check your Works Cited page for accuracy

By following these tips, you’ll enhance your credibility, strengthen your arguments, and produce polished academic writing that meets college-level expectations. Happy writing!

March 9, 2025 Education Universe College writing, High School Writing, MLA Formatting, Writing Skills

Mastering the Compare and Contrast Essay: A Guide for College Writers

In college writing, the compare and contrast essay is a valuable tool for developing critical thinking and analytical skills. This type of essay requires students to examine two or more subjects, highlighting their similarities and differences in a way that provides deeper insight. Whether comparing different social media platforms, exploring the pros and cons of social networking, or analyzing its impact on different age groups, a well-crafted compare and contrast essay goes beyond simple observation—it builds an argument and engages the reader with thoughtful analysis.

This article will walk you through the process of writing an effective compare and contrast essay, covering key structural approaches, thesis development, and essential writing strategies.

Understanding the Compare and Contrast Essay

A compare and contrast essay explores the relationships between two or more subjects, helping the reader understand them in a new way. This type of analysis is commonly used in academic writing because it encourages deep thinking and the ability to connect ideas.

A successful compare and contrast essay does more than just list similarities and differences—it should present an argument or offer insight into the significance of the comparison.

For example, if you were writing about Instagram and TikTok, a basic comparison would note that both platforms allow users to share short videos. A stronger essay, however, would analyze how their different algorithms influence content visibility, user engagement, and marketing strategies.

Step 1: Developing a Strong Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is the backbone of any essay, setting the tone and direction for the entire piece. In a compare and contrast essay, your thesis should clearly establish the relationship between the subjects and indicate why the comparison matters.

Consider the following thesis examples for a social media compare and contrast essay:

Weak thesis: “Instagram and TikTok are both popular social media platforms with similarities and differences.”
- This is too broad and lacks depth.
Stronger thesis: “While Instagram and TikTok both cater to visual content creators, TikTok’s algorithm-driven content discovery fosters rapid virality, whereas Instagram’s focus on curated aesthetics appeals to long-term brand building.”
- This provides a clear argument and insight into the impact of each platform.

A strong thesis should not only identify what is being compared but also highlight an analytical perspective that guides the reader through the discussion.

Step 2: Choosing an Organizational Structure

There are two primary ways to structure a compare and contrast essay:

1. Block Method (Subject-by-Subject)

In this format, you discuss all aspects of one subject before moving on to the next. This is useful for topics where each subject can be examined in depth before making comparisons.

Example Outline (Comparing Instagram and TikTok):

Introduction
Instagram: Features, audience, and marketing potential
TikTok: Features, audience, and marketing potential
Comparison: Major differences and significance
Conclusion

This method works well when dealing with complex subjects but requires strong transition sentences to maintain coherence.

2. Point-by-Point Method

This approach discusses specific points of comparison one at a time, alternating between subjects. It’s useful for highlighting key similarities and differences in a more integrated way.

Example Outline (Comparing Instagram and TikTok):

Introduction
Content Style: Instagram’s curated posts vs. TikTok’s spontaneous videos
User Engagement: Instagram’s likes and comments vs. TikTok’s algorithm-driven interaction
Marketing Use: Long-term branding on Instagram vs. viral trends on TikTok
Conclusion

The point-by-point method allows for a smoother discussion, making it easier to show direct comparisons and contrasts.

Step 3: Supporting Your Analysis with Evidence

A strong compare and contrast essay is grounded in evidence. Instead of making broad claims, back up your points with examples, statistics, expert opinions, or case studies.

For instance, when discussing TikTok’s algorithm, you could cite a study showing how it prioritizes engagement-driven content over follower count. When analyzing Instagram, you might reference statistics on how influencers use its platform for brand partnerships.

To meet academic standards, you must use credible sources. Your essay should include at least two (and up to four) scholarly or reputable sources, properly cited in MLA format (or APA – please consult with your instructor on the type of formatting).

Step 4: Writing and Refining Your Essay

1. Use Clear Transitions

Comparisons should flow logically, so transition words are crucial. Here are some useful ones:

For similarities: Similarly, Likewise, Just as, In the same way
For differences: However, On the other hand, In contrast, Whereas

2. Maintain a Balanced Approach

A common mistake in compare and contrast essays is focusing too much on one subject while neglecting the other. Ensure both are given equal attention to maintain a fair comparison.

3. Formatting in MLA Style

Your paper should follow MLA guidelines, including:

12-point Times New Roman font
Double spacing
1-inch margins
Properly formatted in-text citations
A Works Cited page

Example MLA in-text citation:
(Turcotte 45)

Example Works Cited entry:
Turcotte, Jason. Social Media and Society: A Critical Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021.

Writing a compare and contrast essay is more than just listing similarities and differences—it’s about making meaningful connections and drawing insightful conclusions. Whether you’re examining social media platforms, historical events, or literary works, the skills you develop in this type of writing will serve you across disciplines.

Supplemental Information (for instructors to use) is below. This 5th step is present in case students need a reminder to check a rubric of if instructors need a simple rubric for classes. Please cite the source if using this information for something other than the classroom. Students should consult their rubrics provided by their instructors.

Step 5: Reviewing the Rubric and Submitting Your Work

Before submitting your essay, review the grading rubric carefully. Your work will be evaluated based on:
✔️ Thesis and Argument Development (25 points) – Is the thesis clear and well-supported?
✔️ Organization and Coherence (20 points) – Does the essay follow a logical structure?
✔️ Use of Evidence (20 points) – Are sources integrated effectively?
✔️ Grammar and Style (15 points) – Is the writing polished and error-free?
✔️ MLA Formatting (10 points) – Are citations and formatting correct?
✔️ Following Directions (10 points) – Does the essay meet length and source requirements?

By following these guidelines, you’ll be well-prepared to craft a compelling and insightful compare and contrast essay on social media.

Sources Used

Understanding the Compare and Contrast Essay: For a comprehensive overview of compare and contrast essays, including their purpose and strategies for writing them effectively, refer to “How to Write a Compare-and-Contrast Essay” by Grammarly. grammarly.com
Developing a Strong Thesis Statement: Guidance on crafting a robust thesis for compare and contrast essays can be found in the “Comparing and Contrasting” resource from The Writing Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. writingcenter.unc.edu
Choosing an Organizational Structure: Detailed explanations of the block and point-by-point methods for organizing compare and contrast essays are provided in “Comparing and Contrasting in an Essay | Tips & Examples” by Scribbr. scribbr.com
Supporting Your Analysis with Evidence: For insights into integrating evidence effectively in compare and contrast essays, consult “Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay – Guide & Examples” by CollegeEssay.org. collegeessay.org
MLA Formatting: Comprehensive guidelines on MLA formatting, including in-text citations and Works Cited pages, are available in the “MLA Formatting and Style Guide” by Purdue OWL. Purdue Online Writing Lab

February 6, 2025 Education Universe Uncategorized

How to Conduct an Effective Career Interview and Use It in Your Essay

If you’re tasked with interviewing a professional in your field of study or future career, you might wonder where to start. Interviews provide valuable real-world insights that go beyond textbooks and can help you better understand your chosen career path. But how do you ensure that your interview is productive and that you use the information effectively in your essay?

This guide will walk you through crafting thoughtful interview questions, conducting the interview, and incorporating the responses into your writing. It will also provide specific questions for a variety of fields, helping you tailor your approach based on your career interests.

Sample Interview Questions by Major & Career Path

Below are career-specific interview questions to help you get insightful answers from professionals in different fields. These questions are designed to elicit meaningful responses that can be used in your essay to highlight key themes, industry expectations, and personal insights.

Business & Marketing

What skills have been most critical to your success in business?
Can you share an example of a time when a business decision didn’t go as planned? What did you learn from it?
How do you see artificial intelligence impacting marketing strategies in the future?
What advice would you give to students looking to start their own business?

📌 Incorporating Responses in Your Essay:
If the interviewee discusses the importance of networking, you might write:
“According to marketing executive John Smith, ‘Networking has opened more doors for me than any degree or certification ever could.’ This highlights the value of building connections early, reinforcing my plan to attend industry conferences and join professional organizations while still in college.”

Nursing & Healthcare

What challenges do new nurses face in their first year, and how can they overcome them?
How do you manage high-pressure situations, such as dealing with critically ill patients?
What’s the most rewarding part of your job?
How do you balance emotional well-being with the demands of patient care?

📌 Incorporating Responses in Your Essay:
If the interviewee shares a story about handling stress, you might write:
“Nurse Maria Gonzalez explained, ‘Taking care of myself is just as important as taking care of my patients. If I’m exhausted, I can’t provide the best care.’ This insight reinforced my belief in the importance of self-care in healthcare professions, leading me to explore mindfulness techniques to prepare for my future nursing career.”

Engineering & Technology

What major challenges have you faced in your engineering career?
How important is creativity in engineering problem-solving?
What are some of the newest technologies shaping the future of your field?
How does teamwork play a role in large-scale engineering projects?

📌 Incorporating Responses in Your Essay:
If the interviewee discusses teamwork in engineering, you might write:
“Engineer Alex Tran stated, ‘The best engineers aren’t just great problem-solvers; they know how to communicate and collaborate effectively.’ This changed my perspective, as I now realize that developing strong communication skills is just as important as technical knowledge in engineering.”

Education & Teaching

What do you wish you knew before becoming a teacher?
How do you adapt to different learning styles in the classroom?
What are some of the biggest challenges facing educators today?
How do you keep students engaged in the learning process?

📌 Incorporating Responses in Your Essay:
If the interviewee discusses student engagement strategies, you might write:
“Ms. Rodriguez emphasized, ‘No two students learn the same way, so flexibility is key in the classroom.’ This made me reflect on how I will need to develop adaptable teaching methods when I become a teacher.”

Journalism & Communications

How do you handle reporting on controversial or sensitive topics?
What role does social media play in modern journalism?
What ethical challenges do journalists face today?
How can a student journalist build credibility early in their career?

📌 Incorporating Responses in Your Essay:
If the interviewee discusses journalism ethics, you might write:
“Journalist Jane Doe said, ‘Accuracy should always come before speed in reporting, even in the digital age.’ Her perspective emphasized the importance of integrity in journalism, shaping my own approach to ethical reporting.”

Ministry & Theology

What are the most rewarding and challenging aspects of ministry?
How do you navigate difficult conversations with people struggling in their faith?
What advice would you give to someone considering full-time ministry?
How has the role of faith leaders changed over the years?

📌 Incorporating Responses in Your Essay:
If the interviewee shares a challenge in ministry, you might write:
“Pastor Jonathan Lee reflected, ‘The hardest part of ministry isn’t preaching—it’s walking with people through their deepest struggles.’ His insight reminded me that ministry is about connection and emotional strength, which I will need to cultivate in my future work.”

Law & Criminal Justice

What qualities make for an effective attorney or law enforcement officer?
How has technology impacted the legal system?
What are common misconceptions about working in law or criminal justice?
How do you handle ethical dilemmas in your profession?

📌 Incorporating Responses in Your Essay:
If the interviewee discusses legal ethics, you might write:
“Attorney Sarah Reynolds explained, ‘A lawyer’s job isn’t just to win cases—it’s to seek justice.’ Her perspective reshaped my understanding of law as more than just legal arguments, but a profession rooted in fairness and ethics.”

Psychology & Counseling

What inspired you to pursue psychology?
What are the most common mental health challenges you see in your practice?
How do you prevent burnout in this field?
What misconceptions do people have about therapy or counseling?

📌 Incorporating Responses in Your Essay:
If the interviewee discusses mental health misconceptions, you might write:
“Dr. Emily Carter stated, ‘Many people believe therapy is only for crisis situations, but it’s actually a tool for overall well-being.’ Her insight encouraged me to explore the role of preventative mental health strategies in my future counseling practice.”

Final Thoughts

Interviewing professionals in your field can provide invaluable insights that shape your academic and career journey. By preparing thoughtful questions, actively listening, and integrating responses effectively into your essay, you can create a compelling narrative that not only highlights key takeaways but also demonstrates your personal growth.

Remember: The most effective interviews go beyond just gathering quotes—they help you develop a deeper understanding of your field, preparing you for your future career. So take this opportunity seriously, and you may just walk away with insights that will guide you for years to come!

October 9, 2024 Education Universe Uncategorized

How to Identify Peer-Reviewed Articles for Research

When conducting research, especially at the college level, it is crucial to use credible sources. Peer-reviewed journal articles are among the most reliable sources because they have undergone rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. This article outlines how to identify peer-reviewed journal articles, making your research process more effective.

1. Understanding Peer Review

Peer review is a process where scholarly articles are evaluated by experts before publication. These experts assess the article’s methodology, findings, and relevance to ensure it meets the journal’s academic standards. The peer-review process helps maintain the quality and integrity of scholarly research.

2. Check the Journal’s Reputation

Not all journals are created equal. To determine if a journal is peer-reviewed, you can:

Visit the Journal’s Website: Look for an “About” or “Submission Guidelines” section that mentions the peer-review process.
Search Online Databases: Use databases like JSTOR, PubMed, or Google Scholar. Many databases have filters to show only peer-reviewed articles.
Consult Library Resources: College libraries often provide access to databases and may have lists of reputable journals.

3. Look for Specific Indicators

When examining an article, consider the following elements that typically indicate it is peer-reviewed:

Author Credentials: Check the authors’ qualifications and affiliations. Peer-reviewed articles are usually written by scholars or experts in the field.
Abstract and References: Peer-reviewed articles often include an abstract summarizing the research and a comprehensive list of references or citations.
Structure: Most peer-reviewed articles follow a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
Publication Date: Ensure the article is recent enough for your research topic, as academic fields evolve over time.

4. Use Library Databases

Many college libraries provide access to academic databases like EBSCOhost, ProQuest, or ScienceDirect, which contain a wealth of peer-reviewed articles. When using these databases:

Filter Options: Use filters to limit your search results to “peer-reviewed” or “scholarly” articles.
Search Terms: Use relevant keywords related to your research topic.

5. Utilize Tools and Resources

There are tools and resources available to help identify peer-reviewed articles:

Ulrichsweb: This online directory allows users to search for journals and check if they are peer-reviewed.
Google Scholar: While not all articles on Google Scholar are peer-reviewed, many are. Look for the “Cited by” link, which can help you gauge the article’s impact in the field.

Conclusion

Identifying peer-reviewed journal articles is essential for conducting quality research. By understanding the peer-review process, checking journal reputations, looking for specific indicators, utilizing library databases, and employing available tools, students can ensure they are using credible sources. This practice not only enhances the quality of their work but also prepares them for academic and professional success.

September 11, 2024September 11, 2024 Education Universe MLA Formatting, MLA Formatting, Research Writing, Writing Skills

Modern Language Association (MLA) Cheat Sheet

MLA is a formatting style and is in its 9^th version at the time of the creation of this document. Generally speaking, it is the formatting style used for Arts & Humanities (English courses, film, fashion design, and others). Note that all references on your Works Cited page should be alphabetical and should have a hanging indent. Always adhere to your instructor’s guidelines on proper formatting. This document is free to use and modify. However, no permission is given to see this information unless otherwise stated by the author.

Books

Single Author (general format):

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Works Cited Example: Orwell, George. 1984. Harvill Secker, 1949.

In-Text Citation: (Orwell 45)

Two Authors (general format):

Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Works Cited Example: King, Stephen, and Peter Straub. The Talisman. Viking, 1984.

In-Text Citation: (King and Straub 123)

Edited Books (general format):

Last Name, First Name, editor. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Works Cited Example: Atwood, Margaret, editor. The Penguin Book of Canadian Short Stories. Penguin Books, 1996.

In-Text Citation: (Atwood 67)

Articles in Periodicals

Journal Article (general format):

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vol. Number, no. Number, Year,

pages.

Works Cited Example: Smith, John. “Understanding Modern Art.” Art Review, vol. 29, no. 2, 2023, pp. 34-45.

In-Text Citation: (Smith 36)

Magazine Article (general format):

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine, Day Month Year, pages.

Works Cited Example: Doe, Jane. “The Future of Technology.” Tech Monthly, 15 Jan. 2024, pp. 22-27.

In-Text Citation: (Doe 23)

Newspaper Article (general format):

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper, Day Month Year, pages.

Works Cited Example: Brown, Michael. “City’s New Park Opening.” The Daily News, 10 Sept. 2024, p. A1.

In-Text Citation: (Brown A1)

Websites

Web Page (general format):

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Web Page.” Title of Website, Publisher, Date of Publication, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Works Cited Example: Williams, Sarah. “How to Bake a Cake.” Baking Tips Online, Baker’s Delight, 20 Feb. 2023, http://www.bakingtipsonline.com/how-to-bake-a-cake. Accessed 11 Sept. 2024.

In-Text Citation: (Williams)

Films and Videos

Film (general format):

Title of Film. Directed by First Name Last Name, Production Company, Year of Release.

Works Cited Example: Inception. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Warner Bros., 2010.

In-Text Citation: (Inception)

YouTube Video (general format):

Last Name, First Name (or Username). “Title of Video.” Title of Platform, uploaded by Username, Day Month Year, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Works Cited Example: Khan, Salman. “The Basics of Algebra.” YouTube, uploaded by Salman Khan, 12 Mar. 2023, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcd1234. Accessed 11 Sept. 2024.

In-Text Citation: (Khan)

Government and Organization Reports

Government Report (general format):

Name of Government Agency. Title of Report. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Works Cited Example: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change Indicators: 2023 Report. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2023.

In-Text Citation: (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)

Organizational Report (general format):

Name of Organization. Title of Report. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Works Cited Example: World Health Organization. Global Health Statistics 2023. WHO, 2023.

In-Text Citation: (World Health Organization)

Personal Communications

Personal Interview (general format):

Last Name, First Name. Personal interview. Day Month Year.

Works Cited Example: Lee, Amanda. Personal interview. 5 Sept. 2024.

In-Text Citation: (Lee)

Email (general format):

Last Name, First Name. “Subject Line of Email.” Received by First Name Last Name, Day Month Year.

Works Cited Example: Carter, Emily. “Research Question Clarification.” Received by Alex Johnson, 4 Sept. 2024.

In-Text Citation: (Carter)

Additional Notes and Sources

Multiple Works by the Same Author: When citing multiple works by the same author, include a shortened form of the title in the in-text citation to distinguish between them. For example: (Orwell, 1984 45) and (Orwell, Animal Farm 23).
No Author: If no author is available, begin the citation with the title of the work.
No Page Numbers: If there are no page numbers, use a section heading or paragraph number, if applicable. For example: (Doe, “The Future of Technology” par. 4).

To find additional information on MLA formatting, please check out the following:

Download the Cheat Sheet below:

Modern Language Association MLA Cheat Sheet Download